Monday, September 30, 2019
Bshs 402
Course Syllabus BSHS/402 CASE MANAGEMENT Course Start Date: 10/30/2012 Course End Date: 12/3/2012 Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright  ©2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix © is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.Microsoft ©, Windows ©, and Windows NT © are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix © editorial standards and practices. Course Description This course covers principles, practices, and issues in case management. The dia gnosis and treatment of developmental, psychological, and psychiatric roblems and treatment resources in the lease restrictive and most cost effective settings will be examined. Course Topics & Objectives Week One: Case Management Overview, Clientele, and Practice Models  ·Ã‚        Understand the basic definition and application of the case management function and process.  ·Ã‚        Delineate the concepts of case management as they apply to the needs of various special populations.  ·Ã‚        Describe the components of an integrated delivery model of case management. Week Two: Implementation of the Case Management Process         Describe the role and practice framework of case management.  ·Ã‚        Identify the differences and similarities of case management in the community setting and in the managed care environment. Week Three: Case Management Sk ills: Interpersonal and Information Gathering Skills, Goal Setting, Intervention, and Evaluation  ·Ã‚        Demonstrate the interpersonal skills necessary to build rapport in the early stages of case management.  ·Ã‚        Understand the integration of assessment to problem identification and goal setting.  ·Ã‚        Examine the connection between intervention planning and resource utilization.Week Four: Case Management Skills: Counseling, Therapy, and Linking of Clients to Services  ·Ã‚        Examine the personal helping interventions that can have positive effects on behavioral patterns of vulnerable clients.  ·Ã‚        Understand the case manager's role in developing formal and informal linkages to benefit the client. Week Five: Case Management Skills: Reassessment, Outcome Monitoring, Advocacy, and General Case Management Problems  ·Ã‚        Understand the correlation of reassessment, monitoring, and outcome evaluation to the prevention of future problems.Course Materials                                                                                                               Rothman, J. , ;amp; Sager, J. S. (1998). Case management: Integrating individual and community practice (2nd ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. All electronic materials are available on your student Web site. Point Values for Course AssignmentsÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                                    ASSIGNMENTS| Points| Individual (75%)|  | All WeeksParticipation and Discussion Questions| 200|Week Two Individual Assignment: Special Populations Paper| 150| Week Three Individual Assignment: Textbook Quiz| 200| Week FiveIndividual Assignment: Final Examination| 200| Learning Team (25%)|  | Week TwoLearning Team Charter| 25| Week ThreeCase Manager Interview Questions| 25| Week FourLearning Team Assignment: Informal Networks Paper| 100| Week FiveLearning Team Assignment: Case Manager Interviews Presentation| 100| Total| 100| Week One Case Management Overview, Clientele, and Practice Models         Understand the basic definition and application of the case management function and process.  ·Ã‚        Delineate the concepts of case management as they apply to the needs of various spec ial populations.  ·Ã‚        Describe the components of an integrated delivery model of case management. Course Assignments 1. Readings  ·Ã‚        Read the Appendix and Ch. 1, 2, ;amp; 10 of Case Management.  ·Ã‚        Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 2. Learning Team Instructions  ·Ã‚        Review the Week One objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have.         Prepare for the Case Manager Interviews Power Point Presentation. ?                                       Create a plan for how the case manager interviews will be selected and conducted and adding any new ideas. ?                                       Discuss the areas that each of you wishes to pursue, who to contact, and how to contact likely interviewees. ?                                       Start your search NOW to find a case manager to interview for your LT project. Each student is required to interview a case manager.You cannot interview someone where you work and you cannot interview you own case manager if you have one. Your case managers must have either a BA or MA degree. ?                                       Start thinking about questions you will ask your case manager. Working with your team members, start discussing possible questions you will ask the case managers during the interview.  ·Ã‚        Information obtained from these inte rviews will combined and synthesized into a Power Point presentation in Week Five about how case managers function in the real world.         Search online for articles on case management for special needs populations. Each person can choose their own population to write on for the Week Two Special Population paper; this is an exercise to help each team learn about various special populations. ?                                       Divide the various disability populations and conduct an online search for articles on each student’s specific population. ?                                       Review the articles found and focus on the similarities and differences in services to the various populations. Â Â Â Â à ‚                                   Conduct a group discussion in which you review the similarities and differences in case management practices between special needs populations. 3. Discussion Questions  ·Ã‚        There is a difference in goals that are set by the client, and goals that a provider may wish for the client to achieve. Compare client-driven goals and provider-given goals.  ·Ã‚        As we’ve learned from this week’s reading, there are many different forms of advocacy. Discuss the role of advocacy in case management. What are some examples of ways we as case managers can appropriately advocate for our clients?Weekly Reminders Discussion Questions Discussion question responses will not count towards the class participation requirement. Only Posts to the Main forum will count towards participation. Al l Week: Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. Summary of Week 1 Deliverables Assignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due|  Participation| Individual| Main| Ongoing – 4 days per week| Bio| Individual| Chat Room| Tuesday| Check-In| Individual| Main| Wednesday| Discussion Question (DQ) #1| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #2| Individual| Main| Friday|Check-In to the Learning Team | Learning Team| Learning Team| Monday| Week Two Implementation of the Case Management Process  ·Ã‚        Describe the role and practice framework of case management.  ·Ã‚        Identify the differences and similarities of case management in the community setting and in the managed care environment. Course Assignments 1. Readings  ·Ã‚        Read Ch. 3 ;amp; 4 of Case Management.  ·Ã‚        Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Reading s. 2. Learning Team Instructions  ·Ã‚        Prepare for the Textbook Quiz in Week Three by reviewing Ch. –4 of Case Management as a group. Create and Submit the Learning Team Charter to the Learning Team Forum. There is a Learning Team Charter located in the Materials Forum that should be used for this exercise.  ·    Diversity Issues Exercise o       Form dyads or triads and discuss with your teammate(s) your differences in sex, race, culture, politics, and religion. After you have completed your discussion, talk to each other about what you found hard to discuss, what you found easy, and whether or not what you experienced relates to your work with clients.Discuss your experiences with the rest of the Learning Team. 3. Individual Assignment: Special Populations Paper  ·Ã‚        Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Criteria for Preparing Individual Paper on Special Populations (It will say that it is due Week Four, but it is due Week Two)  ·Ã‚        Review the material gathered on your chosen special population for the Week One Learning Team discussion. The materials should include at least two scholarly sources.  ·Ã‚        Write a 3- to 5-page paper in which you explain the following:  ?What populations have you reviewed and which one have you selected? ?                                       How and why have you selected this population? How was this area of interest formed? ?                                       What do you bring to the field of helping that would benefit this specific population? ?                                       How would you use case management to help this population? ?                                       What limitations and strengths do you bring to this chosen field? How would you use the strengths and overcome the limitations?                                        Are there likely to be multicultural issues to be addressed as you work with this population? How would you address those? ?                                       What local resources did you find in your Internet search for this population? Format your paper according to APA standard. This is a scholarly paper, requiring at least two scholarly sources, and citations of all information that is not common knowledge. Additionally, it should NOT be written in first person. Be creative! 4. Discussion Questions Discuss the importance of boundaries for both the client and practitioner in case management.Describe the role played by managed care in case management. Weekly Reminders Discussion Questions Discussion question responses will not count towards the class participation requirement. Only Posts to the Main forum will count towards participation. Participation All Week: Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. Summary of Week 2 Deliverables Assignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due|  Participation| Individual| Main| Ongoing – 4 days per week| LT Charter| Learning Team| Assignments link| Tuesday|DQ #3| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #4 | Individual| Main| Friday| Special Populations Paper| Individual| A ssignments Link| Sunday| Week Three Case Management Skills: Interpersonal and Information Gathering Skills, Goal Setting, Intervention, and Evaluation * Demonstrate the interpersonal skills necessary to build rapport in the early stages of case management. * Understand the integration of assessment to problem identification and goal setting. * Examine the connection between intervention planning and resource utilization. Course Assignments . Readings  ·Ã‚        Read Ch. 5 ;amp; 6 of Case Management.  ·Ã‚        Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5. Individual Assignment: Textbook Quiz –    The Quiz will be posted prior to Day 1 of Week Three.  ·Ã‚        Complete the quiz on Ch. 1–4 of Case Management. 6. Learning Team Instructions  ·Ã‚        Discuss progress being made toward locating appropriate interviewees for the case management i nterviews, including any difficulties anyone is facing or experiencing, and solve problems as a team to overcome the difficulties.       Working as a team, prepare 12 interview questions (2 questions for each principle) in which the following are demonstrated: ? Assessment and reassessment ?        Establishing a relationship ?        Fostering client participation and empowerment ? Monitoring ?        Advocacy ?        Evaluation (system used to prevent problems in the future) These twelve questions are the core that each team member will be asking the case managers and presenting in full for the Case Managers Interview PPT. They should be submitted in the assignment link by the due date indicated. 7. Discussion QuestionsUsing a case study provided by your instructor as an example, address one of the following two questions:  ·Ã‚        List the components of an intake interview. In other words, what do you need to find out?  ·Ã‚        List the components of assessment. Describe how you would assess the seriousness of each problem and the steps you might take to address them. Using a case study provided by your instructor as an example, address one of the following two questions:  ·Ã‚        Describe the process of setting goals.  ·Ã‚        Describe formal and informal support systems and how you might use them for your case study.Weekly Reminders Discussion Questions Discussion question responses will not count towards the class participation requirement. Only Posts to the Main forum will count towards participation. Participation All Week: Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. Summary of Week 3 Deliverables Assignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due|  Participation| Individua l| Main| Ongoing – 4 days per week| DQ #5| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #6| Individual| Main| Friday| Textbook Quiz| Individual| Assignments Link| Sunday|Case Manager Interview Questions| Learning Team| Assignments Link| Monday| Week Four Case Management Skills: Counseling, Therapy, and Linking of Clients to Services * Examine the personal helping interventions that can have positive effects on behavioral patterns of vulnerable clients. * Understand the case manager's role in developing formal and informal linkages to benefit the client. Course Assignments 8. Readings  ·Ã‚        Read Ch. 7 & 9 of Case Management.  ·Ã‚        Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 9. Learning Team Instructions          Review textbook material as a group from Weeks One through Four in preparation for the Final Examination in Week Five.  ·Ã‚        Continue preparing f or the completion of the Case Manager Interviews Power Point Presentation due in Week Five. 10. Learning Team Assignment: Informal Networks paper ?        Write a 4- to 5-page paper using the following criteria:  Research: As a team, find two peer reviewed articles or other scholarly sources (not including the textbook) in the UOP Library related to informal support networks. Every member of the team needs to read the articles.         Use information from the articles, your personal experiences if you so choose (1-2 paragraphs only of personal experiences in the paper – not 1-2 paragraphs of personal experiences for each member of the Learning Team), and ideas from the group discussion about the special population in your article. Be sure to read and follow the rubric posted in your Materials forum. ?        Be sure to give a description of the special population served in the article. Include information on the race, age, economic status, culture, and family structure of the special population.         Submit your Informal Social Network assignment through the Assignment Link. * 11. Discussion Questions  ·Ã‚        Explain the difference between counseling and therapy. What do case managers do? *  ·Ã‚        Explain the differences between empowering and enabling clients and give examples of each. * Weekly Reminders Discussion Questions Discussion question responses will not count towards the class participation requirement. Only Posts to the Main forum will count towards participation. Participation All Week: Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. Summary of Week 4 DeliverablesAssignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due| Participation| Individual| Main| Ongoing – 4 days per week| DQ #7| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #8| Individual| M ain| Friday| Informal Networks Paper| Learning Team| Assignments Link| Monday| Week Five Case Management Skills: Reassessment, Outcome Monitoring, and Advocacy, and General Case Management Problems * Understand the correlation of reassessment, monitoring, and outcome evaluation to the prevention of future problems. Course Assignments 13. Readings  ·Ã‚        Read Ch. 8 of Case Management.  ·Ã‚        Review Ch. 1–9 of Case Management.         Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 14. Individual Assignment: Final Examination  ·Ã‚        Complete the Final Examination. 15. Learning Team Assignment: Case Manager Interviews – Power Point Presentation  ·Ã‚        Submit the information compiled by the team’s research and interviews on case managers in a Power Point Slide Presentation through the Assignment Link. There are NO maximum or minimum number of slides required. A word doc (. doc or docx) copy of all speaker’s notes is REQUIRED and should be entered into the assignment link separately. Failure to do so will result in a loss of points. 16.Discussion Questions  ·Ã‚        In case management, the term â€Å"monitoring†has a specific meaning. Describe its definition and purpose within this context. Be sure to include the role of client involvement in your discussion. *  ·Ã‚        During monitoring and reassessment, clients may encounter various barriers. Describe one such barrier and what you as the case manager might do to help your client overcome it. Weekly Reminders Final Week Requirements Discussion question responses and participation will be required during the final week of the course. Discussion question responses will not count towards the class participation requirementOnly Posts to the Main forum will count towar ds participation. Participation All Week: Remember to participate in the class discussions 4 out of 7 days during the week. Summary of Week 5 Deliverables Assignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due| Participation| Individual| Main| Ongoing – 4 days per week| DQ #9| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #10| Individual| Main| Friday| Final Exam| Individual| Assignments Link| Sunday| Learning Team Evaluations| Individual| Individual| Monday| Case Manager Interviews – Power Point Presentation| Learning Team| Assignments Link| Monday|
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Old town white coffee market niche Essay
All the store of Old Town Coffee White were located at high traffic, high visible location in each Asia market. That the market entry strategies have found to be used by OldTown White Coffee in managing their foreign franchisees when expanding into Asia include master franchising and company owner-stores. The marketing approach is essential to gain a competitive advantage for OldTown White Coffee in the foreign market the construct included market entry, site location, and market positioning. Reason for Old Town White Coffee to choose master franchise as its form of franchising is because of that the master franchising was the most popular made of entry into distant and cultural dissimilar market Asia. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTH The profits obtained by Old town white coffee are quite high compared to other coffee shops in Malaysia. It offers other foods, such as ‘Heavy food’ apart from coffee. Has many branches throughout Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and many other countries. WEAKNESS It depends on the coffee and makes them difficult to diversify their product. Innovation is slow because it mostly depends on one product only. OPPORTUNITIES Able to expand its operation to global market to be introduced throughout ASEAN. Able to re-brands and to compete with other company using the same material. THREATS Product imitation is very high because they are mainly using coffee which is common. There is a lot of competition both worldwide and locally. Consequences from increasing the price of materials which they have use will be to make the price product is also increase.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Night of Scorpion Essay
Night of the scorpion written by Nissim Ezkiel is an interesting poem and the poet brings about a very appealing contrast between good and evil in it; altogether giving the poem an essence of equality. The poet makes it a trouble-free task for the readers to visualize the scenes with the appropriate use of various imageries. He has also done a marvelous work of adding various different senses into the poem. All the senses, visual, smell, internal feelings and sound have been included. In this poem we can see the scenes vividly with the help of lines like,††¦to crawl beneath a sack of rice,†and,†Peasants came like swarm of flies. Nissim Ezekiel is able to keep are mind alive and engaged the entire duration of the poem with the help of lines like,†Peasants came like swarm of flies. †When we read this line, we know that it is a simile and it help us to see how the peasants came along. But when think deeper we realize that it also shows us that the narrator does not admire the kind of care that the villagers are showing, he just wants them to leave him and his family alone. The reason the villagers are compared to flies is to show exactly how exasperating they are and that they are not welcome, just like flies. The poet has made this poem complex, which is always a good thing. This can be proved because to describe the scorpion he uses words like â€Å"diabolical†and â€Å"The Evil One†which show it as a demonic creature. On the other hand he also used lines like,â€Å" driven him to crawl beneath a sack of rice†and â€Å"†¦ risked the rain again,†which brings about a contradiction as this line shows that the scorpion is not at all the villain, it is simply scared. Among the many figures of speech used in this poem onomatopoeia is one of them. He has used this figure of speech efficiently, enabling us to hear the constant noises that were made. The poet write that the villagers â€Å"buzzed the name of god†which again stresses on the point that the noise and commotion being made by the villagers was not at all welcome. The poet further draws the interest of the reader by using a figure of speech to convey this message and not doing it directly. He has also written â€Å"They clicked their tongues,†which is another instance of onomatopoeia. The element of smell is brought about because the poet has introduced candles and burning oil in lanterns in his poem as well. Nissim Ezekiel has made the mother’s experience of getting bitten by the scorpion sound excruciating and eternal. He has conveyed this by using some very descriptive writing, example, â€Å"May the poison purify your flesh of desire, and your spirit of ambition,†Nissim Ezekiel successfully built the tense atmosphere by using just a short sentence,â€Å" My father, sceptic, rationalist, trying every curse and blessing,†There is also an instance in which the poet uses alliteration,â€Å" I watched the flame feeding on my mother. This line has also been able to build up the complex nature of the poem because of its dual meaning. We can simply say that the ‘flame’ refers to flame of the paraffin or we can also say that ‘flame’ refers to the scorpion’s poison. The poem ends sanguinely, with the mother surviving and being thankful to god for making her suffer and not her children. After all the tense moments of pain, suffering, torture and fear, the poem has a very touching and warm ending which proves the mother’s love for her children.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Why have there been so many wars in the Middle-East since 1945 Essay
Why have there been so many wars in the Middle-East since 1945 - Essay Example Moreover, what scholars suggest the reason for Middle Eastern Muslim decline after 1945 escorts to their inefficiency in making clear choice between war and other formal types of capital formation. This paper will analyse the causes that act as catalyst in initiating Middle Eastern wars since 1945. Analysis will revolve around the concern over factors that led to wars including the legacy of colonialism and superpower rivalry and will examine the contribution of the West in enhancing these factors in the region. Nevertheless, the paper will assess the most common perception that dominates the West by prejudicial images of Arabs. These images were not a brand new creation and were present even before the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The paper will answer the demanding explanation of what factors were present that exaggerated the root cause of continuous wars. â€Å"Four large-scale modern wars during the past two decades has what lead the Middle East towards chronicle instability†(Richards 1995). These are the words of one of many scholar professors that dig deeper into the root causes behind this regions fallacy. The people of the Middle East have been the victims of some of the most aggressive and predatory policies outside powers. Though they have remained undaunted to take part in the rivalries but have suffered through the alliances conducted by the superpowers, like the USSR and United States. Such rivalry turned out to be a conflict which manifested in many ways and have been the reason for suffering through a continuity of wars. Sufferance was due to actual warfare witnessing extreme political violence and factors that rise due to consequences like low-intensity conflict, perceived failure of diplomacy, deadly propaganda, political and economic boycotts, disputes over land and water, resistance to occupation and deeply in grained cultures of antagonism (Milton & Hinchcliffe 2004, p. 2). As Milton & Hinchcliffe (2004, p. 2)
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Architecture of the UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Architecture of the UAE - Essay Example sis is now placed on projects to be completed within the specified project duration due to the current trend of shifting most projects towards the fast track approach. This has led to the need to pinpoint exactly the relevant causes of delay that have to be monitored during the entire phases of the project on time. (Olsen & West, 2007) There is a major construction boom in Dubai; Garhoud Bridge expanding hotels, sky scrapers, projects, palm islands, metro and so on, is currently in full swing. This requires a lot of investment and Dubai has been successful in attracting foreign investment by giving benefits such as residence visa and 99 year freehold ownership. All this has led into a vicious circle where the flow of money in Dubai has increased resulting increase in absolute prices which has in turn led to higher inflation. (Stern, 2009) Who is building this huge new city and its peers around the United Arab Emirates? Some of the worlds most acclaimed architects  whose reputations in western capitals, China, and India have put them in high demand  have been drawn to these desert lands. They include Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Tadao Ando, Rem Kolhaas, Carlos Ott and many others. (Kaufman, 2007) To the untrained eye, the Dubai of 25 years ago might have seemed an unappealing place to build. The region was more or less a blank slate. But to talented international architects striving to execute their unique vision and to the firms that grew around them, Dubai was fertile ground. Here there was no need to remove previously constructed housing complexes or industrial structures, theater districts or public buildings (Stern, 2009). There had been no visionaries or practitioners of architecture whose footprints would be erased in order to build anew. Most importantly, there were ample funds available, and the support of the local population who shared the new, unique vision of development. As a result, the imagination and creativity of the worlds greatest architects
An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs Research Paper
An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs - Research Paper Example Many scholars have compared the two health insurance systems and found surprising data that is of concern. The statistic shows that Australia spends an average of 8.7 percent of its GDP on supporting health and this covers all residents in Australia irrespective of their employment status (Coory). The American government, on the other hand, spends 17.6% of its GDP on healthcare (CMS) and this is far much more than any industrialized country and 47 million citizens still lack health insurance while millions of others are underinsured (Mascarenhas). This is a damning statistic which asks for a deeper analysis. The second issue is that the American Medicaid program only covers those above the age of 65 while the rest have to look for alternative private health treatment (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian one covers all the individuals including the well-off in society who are entitled to subsidize medical cover with the government paying a certain percentage of it (AHS). Although the Medicaid program is available in the US to cater for the low-income earners, their exist restrictions on who is eligible for that kind of health care program. This leaves most of the population uninsured with many opting for private treatment which is costly and most are unable to afford these costs (HJK). Although there exist some strength s associated with the US Medicare program it is still way back below the Australian Medicare program that covers everyone. The strengths lie in the short waiting time for surgery patients and other patients with chronic complications (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian program has a long waiting list and this is one of its problems. Despite all, it is better to wait for a long time and be served than to be completely denied the service. The greatest strength in the Australian program is affordability and access and this is lacking in the American programs (DHAC).
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain Essay
Try to defend dualism as a viable philosophical position. Entertain objections to your arguments and reply showing how dualism c - Essay Example Dualism is the concept that declares that the brain is not everything and that there is a mind that exists apart from it. In fact, the idea of dualism has extended from metaphysics to religion, psychology and phenomenology. Dualism is not only about the physical and the nonphysical; it is also about good and evil, mental states and outward behavior, as well as neural connections and physical action. One of the arguments for dualism is the Knowledge Argument, or the idea that the physical and mental substances seem to have properties which are irreconcilable, or that the mental substances have properties that can never be reduced to physical forms. Thus, as the goal of the Knowledge Argument is to argue for the existence of the â€Å"irreducible [and] immaterial nature of the mind†(Robinson), then it is an argument for dualism. In a thought experiment that demonstrates the validity of the Knowledge Argument, a scientist who is deaf from birth has learned all the perfect scient ific understanding of the mechanism of hearing, but when this scientist undergoes an operation to restore his hearing, â€Å"it is suggested that he will then learn ‘something’ he did not known before†(Robinson). ... It is true that the knowledge one has of hearing, such as its anatomical and physiological aspects – or â€Å"how to hear,†can be reduced to the physical and can be proven by physical experiments. Nevertheless, â€Å"what it is like to hear†can only remain mental and the existence of such somehow prove the validity of the Knowledge Argument and of Dualism as well. However, one objection to this argument is the idea that â€Å"physical concepts [such as â€Å"how to hear†] and phenomenal concepts [such as â€Å"what it is like to hear†] are cognitively independent†(Nida-Rumelin). Based on the previously discussed thought experiment, it is possible for the scientist to know phenomenal hearing or â€Å"what it is like to hear†simply from knowing the physical concept of â€Å"how to hear.†This therefore means that â€Å"what it is like to hear†is actually an entirely different piece of information from â€Å"how to hea r†and thus the former cannot be regarded as the irreducible mental property of the latter. My reply to this objection is that although the physical may be considered different from or unrelated to the phenomenal, the mere fact that the phenomenal is distinct from the physical is a proof that there are indeed two aspects of something: the physical and the nonphysical. The objection presented against dualism is weak as it simply evades the issue by criticizing the connection between the physical and the phenomenal. Aside from the Knowledge Argument, dualism is also argued for by the validity of predicate dualism. Predicate dualism is the concept which states that â€Å"psychological predicates are not reducible to physical
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a Essay
How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a Drug Situation in a Country - Essay Example Although not legal in the Netherlands, cannabis is openly tolerated and can be both purchased and consumed in one of several Amsterdam ‘coffee houses.’ Inexplicably, the city has not been thrown into anarchy which, evidently, is what the opponents of cannabis legalization are afraid of. The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon. Eleven states allow the use of marijuana for medicinal use, Rhode Island the most recent joining California, Alaska, Hawaii, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington and, Vermont and Maine. However, laws enacted by the federal government supersede those of the states. Therefore, the physician within the borders of the U.S. cannot lawfully dispense marijuana nor can a patient legally possess it. †Å"The U.S. Supreme Court said federal law preempts any efforts by the state to authorize the use of marijuana for any purpose, including medicinal†(Schweitzer, 2005). Most Americans are not against the medicinal use of marijuana and states are legalizing the practice but any use of marijuana remains against federal law which generally translates to stiffer sentences if caught. The U.S. government has recently softened its position on allowing marijuana dispensaries located in states where it is legal but other than that small waiver has continued its absolute prohibition of Marijuana, a method that is one of the most common policies utilized but has evidently not succeeded as intended. This practice has not eliminated drug traffic. It has, however, altered the arrangement of supply and demand by forcing the illegality of this market. Illegal marijuana makes criminals of the sick. Many medical benefits are well known. Â
Monday, September 23, 2019
Two 375-word Critical Response Papers to productions Assignment
Two 375-word Critical Response Papers to productions - Assignment Example The play is comparatively small within the physical scope since it was filmed with few actors, frequently indoors even though some of the France’s actors were wonderful chateaus. Moreover, the play is definitely avoids analysing the situations in the later years emanating from the initial prodigious bloody upheaval of the modern age. Although the plays were meant to deliver humour in a satirical manner to the audience, it did little sketches that were constructed in a hurry. Serious reconstruction needed in order to make them appealing the audience in the theatre industry. The moderator of the discussion keeps on talking about the murder of past guest lecturers. The rest of the plot unrolls as expected. The play was shorter and a lot shortcomings particularly failing to deliver the satirical aspect of theatre and academia. Resistance of temptations of the hindsight highlights unimaginative desire to open up the play. The movie Dangerous Liaisons’’ is one of the deadly drawing-room comedies containing infrequent compulsory to diverse various bedchambers. The protagonists dedicate themselves to search sexual liaisons for preference and power they convene on their partners. Thus, the film opens arrangement of desire for the Marquise. The idea of the pleasure mainly persuade into abandoning unsuitable principles. Moreover, seduction is seen to be a commonplace pastime, enhancement regarding the betrayal hence becoming vastly significant. The movie‘Les Liaisons Dangereuses’ is a delight written play the character of typical dimensions hence exposing the game as cruelty rather than the betrayal. The intelligence and strength of the actor is shaped the underlying audience’s response shredding fop but unsatisfactory struggle. Contemporary beauty subdued by the camera strainers depicts happy surprise passionately deceived by Valmont. The prevailing dark distrust mainly resides within its underlying
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Example for Free
Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Year of Wonder explores the complexity of human nature and the consequences of human actions â€Å"He brought the wide world with him†Anna Frith admires George Viccars for being well-travelled but does not realise that he has brought not only his knowledge of the world but also the perils of disease with him. Silhouetted against the sepulchral backdrop of the blighted Eyam, Geraldine Brooks depicts a community caught in extraordinary times in her historical novel â€Å"Year of Wonder†. The novel conveys the complications and ramifications of human nature and human actions, interwoven with the cultural value of religion and beliefs in addition to the social value of trust. Brooks illustrates that the nature suspect and distrust has stemmed from the Plague, as well as the fact that to a degree, all humans have similar nature. Whilst some responded positively to these catastrophic turn of events, others suffered server negative impact to this result of human action. The similarities in nature between characters are evident in the novel. Through the first person narrative of Anna Frith, readers are invited to see the whole story from her perspective and insights on her own life and personality. As the intricacies of the plot unfolds, we began to see that, indeed, Anna was lost in an abyss of pain and suffering, yet in response to it, she has grown strong, no longer a child â€Å"to quail at terrors†. Since our first glimpse at her, Anna has proven herself to be a capable care-taker. Although her role is Michael Mompellion’s servant is quite circumscribed, she always goes beyond the restrict scopes of her duties in attempting to coax him out of his melancholia. She often takes on a mothering role towards Michael, as she says â€Å"treating him as if he was my child†. In result of her actions towards Mompellion, she saw the need to nurture others, even motherless child or plagued victims. As those around her starts to shrug off their responsibilities, Anna begin to shoulder more burdens then running a household and bringing solace to the afflicted. Just like Anna, Elinor Mompellion possesses a â€Å"sinewy mind†with a â€Å"driving energy†. She is a well-educated woman, whom, when first mentioned in the novel, is educating Anna on how to read. Elinor does not respect the division between â€Å"weak and strong, between men and woman, laborer and lord†, as Anna recalls â€Å"she never reminded me of my place (as a servant)†. Hence, the author’s ability to depict the complexity of human nature is evident in the novel as the personalities of characters are, to an extent, similar from each other. One of the fatal effects of the plague is that it breeds the human nature of mutual suspicion and distrust. It is possible that the plague is merely exacerbating tensions already present with in the village but it does so to an unprecedented degree. Thus, certain individuals of a somewhat antisocial and self-serving bent find their actions and inclinations magnified by the advent of the Plague. Josiah Bont, who is Anna’s abusive father, becomes a gravedigger, willing to pursue homicide as a stimulus to his profits; his wife, Aphra, shamelessly exploits the anxieties of her fellow villagers for monetary gain by pretending to be the ghost of the deceased Anys Gowdie. In what is, perhaps, a less culpable fashion, David Burton seizes the opportunity to advance his own interest at the expense of Merry Wickord, whose family mine has been left open to claim by the death of her parents. Instances such as these suggest that Michael Mompellion’s assertion that â€Å"the Plague will make heroes of us all†, however optimistic, is not well founded. Even more strikingly, the readiness of the villagers to turn against Mem and Anys Gowdie, whose service as healers have been much in demand, indicates that the plague deepens the rifts already exists in the community. As Jon Millstone comments, there is a grave danger that the time â€Å"will make monsters of us all†. Therefore it is the villagers own nature which acts as the catalyst for further tragic events. The onslaught of the plague has scarred numerous villagers in Eyam. As the plague creeps further into the village, people who begin to face corruption as they undergo catastrophic changes are omnipresent throughout the novel. Ever since the plague arrived, the villagers did not see it as an act of nature, but rather as a curse, as they are blinded by their own beliefs, relaying on superstition and living in the false reality of religion. In result, they saw the tailor, George Vicars, as the Devil and the architect of the plague. There for, they believed that Anys, who slept with George, as a witch and killed her. This was the first response to the crisis, a response of fear and panicking, as the villagers looking for a scapegoat for the cause of this problem. As Anna suffers the loss of both of her sons, she begins to seek comfort in the graveyard. She also begins to question â€Å"how can the just and merciful God take the life of innocents†. Soon after she became addicted to opiates and going as far as to stealing them, thus giving us insights on Anna’s weakness and the first crack in her religion. Others who are desperate in seeking sanctuary in such times also turned their backs on religion as they trust in the ‘ghost of Anys Gowdie’, who offers them demonic rituals, charms and spells in return for money. It is evident that in this novel, the certain characters walked the wrong path from desperation and resulted in unpredicted results. It is apparent however, that although the plague decayed the mind of almost the entire village, there are still those who fought for what they believed in and survived the corruption. After the arrival of the plague, it was always Mompellion who stands in front of the villagers and convincing in an optimistic tone that â€Å"trust in God to perform his wonders†. Such speech is the signpost the beginning to his leadership, which has also planted the seeds of discord between superstition and faith. His usage of God and trust are an obvious plot to influence the townspeople to trust and believe him. Through all the disorder, unexpected alliances are made. Mompelion confers with Puritan Thomas Stanley, a Purtian who quitted the parish three years ago. Thus showing that in times of crisis, religious differences can be overcome to unify for greater cause of human survival. Anna has encountered countless barrages alone the path, however because of her work and friend ship with Elinor, she was also able to rise from the adversity. After she discovers the truth about him and Elinor, she stands up to Mompellion as well as the Bradfords, thus breaking the social structure. Because of the plague, Anna metaphorically transformed from a simple, uneducated girl to a powerful, formidable woman. She escaped from her past and is able to create a promising future for herself and her children. Therefore, it can be said that a beacon of juxtaposition shines between those who survive and those who don’t, allowing the readers to see the different outcomes. In essences, the plague itself does not produce heroes or monsters, unity or division. It only amplifies the human natures which individuals already possess, in addition to the similarities and differences in nature between characters. Hence, there are those who like Anna, can emerge from the experience of the plague and responded with positive actions, and those that reached a breaking point in such times and suffered consequences as a result. The plague symbolises a test, just like in a furnace in which all must be melted to find the pure metal.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay
Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay Introduction: The technique in which cells normally of one type, removed from animal tissue are grown in presence of supplements and growth factors under controlled conditions is called Cell Culturing. Different cells require different conditions of temperature and gas for their appropriate growth in a cell incubator moreover growth media plays a crucial role in cell culturing, which can vary in glucose concentration, pH, growth factors like fetal calf serum (FCS). The effect of one of the above mentioned variables, we are going to study in this experiment is growth factors. Growth factors as the name suggests enhancers the growth which supplements the media are obtained from animal blood such as calf serum. Cell proliferation is studied by various methods, mainly used methods involve measuring the colour intensity taken up by DNA of cell during cell proliferation in presence of staining dyes e.g. crystal violet and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The aim of this experiment is to study cell proliferation by using crystal violet and MTT methods while using mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells under the effect of growth factor FCS. Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cell are grown in Dulbeccos modification of Eagles medium as monolayer cultures. Crystal Violet: It is biological stain used in cell proliferation method which stains DNA of the cells after permeabilisation with methanol. The positive ammonium ions of crystal violet stain DNA of cells in blue colour. The colour intensity produced is directly proportional to number of cells, which is determined in stained cells by colorimeter. Staining with crystal violet and MTT are based on principal of absorbance. MTT: The MTT assay is a standard colorimetric assay in which activity of reductase enzymes are measured which convert MTT to blue insoluble formazan. The metabolic activity of viable cells is used as basic parameter in MTT assay. The tetrazolium salt, MTT is now widely used in quantitative measurement of cell proliferation. This method depends upon uptake of MTT by viable cells, which is a water soluble tetrazolium salt producing a yellowish solution. MTT is cleaved to insoluble blue formazan in the mitochondria of living cells by succinic dehydrogenases in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Material Used: Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells, Dulbeccos medication of Eagles medium (DMEM) containing 10% Fetal calf serum, 2mM glutamine, 100u/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin, crystal violet stain (0.1% solution in 200mM boric acid), MTT (5mg/ml MTT solution in PBS), PBS methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid, distilled water, acid-isopropanol. Apparatus used: Laminar flow cabinet sterilized two 96 well plates, multi well pipettes, pasture pipettes, sterilized T-flasks, sterilised empty reservoirs, gas incubator, fume cupboard, spectrophotometer etc. Method: Cells of mouse Y1 adrenocortical were separated from their substratum with tris in EDTA as they grow in monolayer cultures. Then added same volume of medium and centrifuged after that number of cells were counted on haemocytometer and diluted to concentration of 1.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 105 cells/ml and made it up to 30 ml. Then cells were passaged into centre 60 wells of 96 well plate in duplicate with concentration of 0.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 10à ¢Ã‚  µ cells/ 200ÃŽÂ ¼l in each well while outside wells of 96 well plate were filled with same amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and allowed the cells to incubate overnight at 37  °C temperature in humidified gas incubator. After that cells were washed with PBS three times and different wells of each plate were treated with different concentrations of FCS which is shown in table 1. Hence 12 wells of each plate were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20% v/v concentration of FCS and both plates were incubated for 72 hours. One plate was used for crystal violet staining method and other for MTT assay. Table 1: Dilution of FCS % FCS Volume of Serum (ml) Volume of Medium (ml) 0 0 10 1 0.1 9.9 5 0.5 9.5 10 1 9 20 2 8 Crystal violet staining method: For this method cell media was removed first of all from incubated plate and then cells were washed with PBS. After that were fixed with 200ÃŽÂ ¼l of methanol for 15 minutes in fume cupboard. Then methanol were removed and cells were allowed to dry in fume cupboard for few minutes. Then cells were treated for 20 minutes with crystal violet stain 200ÃŽÂ ¼l/well. Later cells were washed three times with distilled water and stained cell layer was allowed to solubilised in the 50ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10% glacial acetic acid and plates were incubated for 30 minutes in gas incubator. After that absorbance of each well was read by plate reader spectrophotometer set at 540nm. MTT Method: To perform MTT assay, each of centre 60 wells of 96 well plate was treated with 20ÃŽÂ ¼l of MTT solution and plate was incubated for 4 hours at 37o C temperature in gas incubator. After 4 hours, the medium was removed from each well and 100ÃŽÂ ¼l of acid-isopropand was added to dissolve blue formazan crystal in the cell layer. Then plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. When blue formazan crystal were solubilised, absorbance of each well was measured at 570nm using the plate reader. Calculations: Cells in five squares of Haemocytometer = 24 Volume of each square is =4ÃÆ'-10-3ÃŽÂ ¼l The no. of cells in five squares multiplied with 5ÃÆ'-104 gives no. of cells in 1ml. Hence no. of cell in 1ml = 1.2ÃÆ'-106 cells/ml Required cell suspension = 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml Dilution Factor = Concentration Required/Concentration got Dilution Factor = 0.104 Therefore, in order to make 30 ml of cell suspension 3.125 ml of cell suspension was mixed with 26.875 ml of medium. Similarly 30 ml of cell suspension was prepared having 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml. Results: Observation Table for crystal violet staining method %FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.205 0.0218 1 0.255 0.0307 5 0.309 0.0450 10 0.432 0.0614 20 0.581 0.0844 Table2: Data obtain from plate reader at 540nm Graph showing effect of FCS with Crystal Violet Method Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Observation Table of MTT staining method: % FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.094 0.0081 1 0.115 0.0138 5 0.152 0.0191 10 0.276 0.0724 20 0.400 0.0807 Table3: Data obtained from plate reader at 570nm. Graph showing effect of FCS with MTT staining Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Discussion: Crystal Violet Staining method and MTT Assay is based on principle of absorbance, more is colour intensity, more will be the absorbance value. The result of Crystal violet staining method clearly indicated that absorbance value was directly proportional to cell proliferation as it was increasing with concentration of FCS. FCS stimulated Cell Proliferation Result in more cells and DNA Methanol increased cell membrane permeability Result in more stained DNA More Colour intensity Hence More Absorbance Value Similar results were seen in MTT Assay but in this assay only viable cells were stained while in crystal violet method both viable and non viable cells were stained. So Crystal Violet method of staining is not specific staining technique because in this absorbance is not direct index of cell viability. The drawback of MTT Assay is that some reducing agent may reduce MTT also which could show slight increase in absorbance, moreover this method depends on some variable like pH, presence of D-glucose and pyridine nucleotides which can affect the specificity of Assay. In spite of above said limitations these methods are mostly followed because they are safe, simple, cheap and reproducible. Differentiation of K562 cells to megakaryocytes/platelets To study cell differentiation of K652 cells chronic myelogenous leukaemia, K652 cell line, indicates an early differentiation stage of granulocyte lineage. K652 cells are non-adherent, circular shaped with small microvilli. In the presence of tumour promoters like phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) these type of cell are differentiated to megakaryocytes. The induction of megakaryocytic differentiation of K652 cells is known to be initiated by two signalling pathways which are the nuclear factor kappa B(NF-ÃŽÂ ºB) -depends pathways and other is extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) dependent pathways. Human chromic myelogenous leukemic cells, K652 cells have Philadelphia chromosome. Tumour promoter, PMA which is a potent mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocyte also act as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator which differentiate K652 cells to megakaryocytes. The various changes that occurs during differentiation of K652 cells are: Changes in cell morphology Cell growth arrest Adhesive properties of cell change Expression of markers associatated with megakaryocytes Endomitosis NADPH oxidase complex which is known as a primary source of ROS (Radio active oxygen species), is initiated by PMA. PMA stimulates NADPH ROS (Signalling Molecule) Induction of gene expression is directly related with ROS. The Expression of CD61, a platelet cell marker helps in identifying differentiated cells. The expression of CD61 can be seen on platelets, osteoclasts, macrophages and on some tumour cells, involved in tumour metastasis and in adenovirus infections. Results and Discussion: It was observed that PMA treated slide was stained pink while cells devoid of PMA were stained blue as shown in Pic. 1 2. In PMA treated slide the K562 cells were clearly differentiated to megakaryocytes which suggested that tumour promoter, PMA induced differentiation in K562 cells by signal transduction and expressed by CD61 as shown in picture below. C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail2.jpg Pic. 1 PMA Treated Cells clearly showing Differentiation to Megakaryocytes C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail.jpg Pic. 2 Cells Devoid of PMA stained blue in Colour The expression of CD61 was recognised by addition of rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibodies that bind to CD61 antibodies when incubated in presence of alkaline phosphatise anti alkaline phosphatise (APAAP) complex. The cells were stained pink because fast red dye get attached to APAAP so this is how CD61 was expressed in cell treated with PMA. Moreover cells treated with PMA were larger, irregular, in shape and fewer in number as compare to untreated cells. On the contrary, Cells devoid of PMA were much smaller in size than treated cells. Diagramatic Representations of Immunocytochemical Reactions To Detect CD61 PMA Treated Cells PMA Untreated Cells CD61 bound to both treated and untreated cells Then Cells are washed to Remove CD61 unbound Treated with RAM Then RAM binds to APAAP and cells are stained pink in colour. : Mouse Antihuman CD 61 (Primary Antibody) : Rabbit Antimouse IgG (RAM- Secondary Antibody) : Mouse Alkaline Phosphate AntiAlkaline Phosphatase(APAAP Tertiary Antibody)
Friday, September 20, 2019
Strengths and weaknesses of terrorism research
Strengths and weaknesses of terrorism research Terrorism can be termed an ever evolving dynamic, widely disputed complex phenomenon that finds its roots in psycho-social and political realms. According to Lacquer (1999) [1] and Gordon (2004) [2] every instance or act of terrorism is inherently different and possess distinctive characteristics similar to biometrics. As stated by Gordon (2010) futile attempts have been made to form terrorism typologies according to terrorists methods of operations, regions of the world, organization and ideologies [3] . Based on these assertions it is evident that terrorism as a research field is unclear and still in it normative stages and as such lends itself to structured, synergized future development. Subsequent to the attacks of September 11, 2001 terrorism research experienced a massive influx of scholarly, semi-academic and popular writings from scholars, law enforcement personnel (both retired and active), and journalists depicting various academic, historic, religious, cultural, ethnic and social perspectives all wanting to postulate on the so called new phenomenon of modern terrorism. This apparent thrust according to Jackson (2007) [4] has led to the subject matter of Terrorism being transformed into a standalone field of study with its own dedicated journals, research centers, leading scholars and experts, research funding opportunities, conferences and university programmes. Further, Professor Andrew Silke, Director of terrorism studies at the University of East London in an interview with The Guardian, a UK newspaper dated 3rd July 2007, headline The rise and rise of Terrorism Studies has claimed that if current trends continue, more than 90 percent of all terrorism studies literature will have been published post 9/11, 2001, and that a new book on terrorism is published every six hours in the English language. [5] Also, in a study on Terrorism and knowledge growth done by Dr. Avishag Gordon, Senior Information Expert in the Computer Science Library at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, in 2004, using publishing databases, it was found that prior to September 2001, terrorism publications had grown over 234 percent between the period 1988-2001 [6] but post September 2001, there was an explosion of such a proportion that Dr Richard Jackson; senior lecturer in international politics at Manchester University believes that scholarly papers in the discipline have increased by 300% since then. [7] Cognizant of the above terrorism research environment and the continued pace of the publication of work on terrorism, this paper will provide a critical examination of Terrorism Research using current literature in order to elucidate the distinguishing aspects, deficiencies and limitations and conclude by providing ideas/ suggestions on the way forward. During the conduct of the analysis this paper will use secondary data to draw attention to the evolution of the unrelenting pace of voluminous outputs purporting to be Terrorism Research. The approaches to the conduct of terrorism research, the challenges associated with the field, the comparison to other fields of discipline and the perception of the driving force behind Terrorism Research will all be examined. The Definition Dilemma Before any incision into Terrorism Research can occur and in order to establish a basis for any arguments for the development of this essay, the issue of the failure to develop a universally acceptable definition must be discussed. The definition of Terrorism is crucial and the most important foundation upon which to build because it ultimately determines the way in which this and any Research on Terrorism should be conducted. To date there is no universal definitions of terrorism accepted by scholars, experts, journalists or theorists. So, rather than revisit the seemingly never ending debate on the definition of terrorism, the paper will adopt Bruce Hoffmans, one of the worlds leading analysts on terrorism definition on terrorism. Hoffman (2005a) [8] defines terrorism as: Ineluctably political in aims and motives; Violent-or, equally important, threatens violence; Designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target; Conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and/or its leaders; and Perpetrated by a sub-national group or non-state entity. This definition was chosen because it comes from an authoritative source; it is encompassing and gives the widest possible consideration to all actors and all forms of terrorism. The definition elucidates the need to use power to coerce individuals to conformity; it also conveys the violent nature and attendant resonating fear inducing component of the strategy achieved through death and destruction; moreover, it puts the end state of the strategy into context with the aims and motives of terrorists by specifying the strong political nature. Finally the definition combines all the above inferences into a statement whereby the principal deduction can be that its expression is quite simply without doubt terrorism. However making this definition operative in any debate is anything but easy. A major problem was that terrorism almost always has a pejorative connotation and thus falls in the same category of words such as tyranny and genocide, unlike such relatively neutral terms such as war and revolution that can be used to convey the same act. One can aspire to objective and dispassionate research, but one cannot be neutral about terrorism any more than one can be neutral about slavery and genocide. Thus, defining terrorism became an effort not only to delineate a subject area but also to maintain its illegitimacy. Even the most clinical inquiry was laden with values and therefore political issues. The very study of terrorism implied to some a political decision and or objective. Qualitative, case-study research method has dominated the terrorism topic for many years. Since the number of first hand observations in the greater part of this work is really small, researchers have been cautious to delineate terrorism to fit the cases under examination. The undersized quantity of observations, regrettably, often disallows unreliable dubious parts of the definition. In one country, for instance, hostility against the military might take place, but in the second country it might not. In an assessment of the first country, one could vary the definition beyond civilian targets to military targets. In an assessment of the second country, one could not adjust the definition to investigate the implications of unreliable degrees from minimal to maximal definitions (Lesser, 1999). XYZ In current research on terrorism in the political science writings, there is plenty of room to tailor the definition of terrorism to identify with its consequences. Specifically, there is no need to decide on one particular definition of terrorism; multiple definitions can be allowed and then the effects can be empirically sorted out. Empirical analysis might generate two measures of terrorism: one with civilians as the target and the second with both civilians and the military at peace time as the target. Moreover, empirical analysis may demonstrate whether results are alike or diverse dependent on the measure. And any results would have implications for future theoretical and empirical research (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004). EXAMINATION OF THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF TERRORISM RESEARCH Terrorism research has been noted to be somewhat self regulating, though the critiques and reviews of the fields achievements and failures extend over the past two decades. Some of the most important reviews [9] include key theorists, experts and analysts in the field. The highlighted strengths and weaknesses are examined below: Weaknesses Poor Concepts, Theories and Methods Terrorism research has been criticized for its less than rigorous theories and concepts primarily due to the absence of a definition of terrorism [10] . This conundrum may never ever be resolved however evidence suggests that the current approach by most luminaries in the field seems to be one of sidestepping the definitional issue in favor of variance of term for its use according to the circumstances. This approach reeks of interference and points to external motivations according to purposes. The weakness that this approach portrays is reflected in limitation in the research and studies of terrorism. Another criticism levied in Silke (2004) [11] that highlights poor research methods and procedures is the over reliance on interviews and secondary data as opposed to the outputs of primary research. Though there are benefits to be derived from these methodologies, the obvious limitations override them. If evidence that supports the use of other methodologies were present this would bolster the claim for terrorism research to be an independent discipline with its own theoretical framework. Sadly support for an eclectic approach to methodologies used is absent and thus this lack of complementarity exposes the gaps in terrorism research. Another shortcoming in terrorism research as postulated by Richard Jackson (2007) [12] is that the outputs tend towards ahistoricity and acontextuality. This view as espoused by Jackson suggests that much of recent terrorism research ignores historical data pre September 2001 and virtually do not take into account experiences of other countries. Most modern researchers and experts tend to view terrorism tabular rasa post September 2001 and consequently refer to terrorist activities as modern terrorism. This misnomer can easily be dispelled as terrorism existed as early as 1880. Further there remains a view that terrorism research is acontextual primarily because researchers do not look at terrorist activity within the context from which they emerged rather terrorist activity is viewed and analyzed to develop trend and pattern analysis from which extrapolation can occur. Another related flaw as espoused by Jackson (2007) [13] is that since the events of September 2001 terrorism research tends towards exceptionalizing the experiences of the United States and Al Qaeda. Another expert Louise Richardson (2006) [14] described this tendency as American Exceptionalism, the sense that America is different from (and implicitly superior to) the rest of the world. These comments suggests that terrorism researchers had delved in the field without even considering any previous relationship thereby creating a myopia linked to activities post September 2001. In Silke (2004) [15] Research on Terrorism, Frederick Schulze notes that Schmid and Jongman (1988) identifies that though a lot has been written about Terrorism, it is not empirically based and lacks substance. In fact Schmid and Jongman note because of the lack of rigorous research based literature; the works produced are narrative, overly descriptive, derivative, derogatory and prescriptive rather than analytical. These identified flaws adequately tell a story of the quality, validity and reliability of the current research. Consequently the focus of the current terrorism research is limited to the sexiest topics while gaps in the literature remain unexplored. Terrorism by its very nature is interdisciplinary as asserted by Joshua Sinai in Silke (2004) yet researchers have not collaborated on much integrated work worldwide. Furthermore, interdisciplinarity and synergies amongst fields are crucial to the development and growth of a research field. Collaborative efforts bring varying perspective together that develop innovative approaches to research agendas. Moreover interdisciplinarity enhances and creates alternate pathways to achieving solutions that are sometimes elusive. Ranstorp (2006) [16] stated that In essence interdisciplinary focus and innovation will remain absolutely vital in efforts to develop a critical knowledge base in future terrorism research. It is obvious that for terrorism research to be able to create an expansive valid knowledge base that scientific collaboration across fields must occur. Further in the quest to be recognised as an independent field terrorism research must leverage existing knowledge pools to its advantage. According to Gordon (2010) [17] , for the terrorism research field to be considered mature it must go through the development stages variable that includes collaboration as a foundation principle. Yet it is apparent that in the quest for recognition that individualistic behaviours have subsumed the common sense approach of using knowledge bases and methods that exist within other disciplines. One of the harshest criticisms levied against the field is that research priorities, projects topics and perspectives are motivated by a problem solving approach funded by governments. Consequently the general view held is that research produced on behalf of sovereign nations is tainted and state centric because of the obvious relationships. This espoused view cast doubts on the outcome of sponsored work and questions the ability of researchers to remain independent. Andrew Silke (2004) [18] has concluded that much terrorism research is driven by policy concerns and is limited to addressing government agendas. This view can at times be myopic as the effects of terrorism will always be a national issue that must be addressed by government. The consequences of any institutional financial political relationship are the risk of ascribed influence peddling. However it can be argued that such a relationship is necessary to advance any field of research. It is believed that researcher s must understand that they should operate within the accepted codes of ethics and conduct and must remain independent lest their credibility and integrity become irreparably damaged. XYZ XYZ Finally, the adhesive that should hold the terrorism research field together is the unity of focus and the concentration of effort among its luminaries. Sadly all indications are that there is a disparate approach funneled by the advancement of personal agendas. Accordingly the leadership needed to close the obvious gaps, to cross fertilize, to synergize and integrate with other existing fields remains absent while the crab in a barrel syndrome pervades. A suggestion is for the creation of an association similar to that of the medical profession with the mandatory accreditation of individuals. This approach is seen as a viable option to guide, assess and focus the work to be conducted in the terrorism research field. Strengths Inputs, developments and effectiveness Terrorism researchers for years have been exploring the root causes of the phenomenon in an attempt to negate the effects of the physical and psychological violence on the wider society. According to Sinai in Silke (2004) [19] researchers have through the social sciences using accepted theories and methodologies systematically identified, itemized and correlated root causes ranging from general to the specific, including those at the individual, group, societal and governmental levels. This assertion has provided support that researchers have to a comforting degree been able to understand the origins and the structural theories of terrorism thereby assuring the completion of the early developmental stages of the field of terrorism research. Though some early works have been conducted and methodologies, theories and models for understanding the phenomenon of terrorism have been proffered, additional focus on contributory apparatus and processes in which additional aspects and ci rcumstances further act as motivators for terrorist activities are yet to be explored. As well terrorism research has not yet fully embraced and leveraged existing technologies to assist with computational and mapping challenges. Terrorism research has been able to enhance the tracking of day to day terrorist activities with the advent of chronologies electronic databases such as the Memorial institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT). This advancement has greatly boosted the collection of terrorist activities globally. The examination of the compiled data is significant to the furthering of longitudinal studies, trend analyses, geographical stamping, establishing relationship among groups, mapping strategies employed, determining intensification or deceleration in activities, shaping effectiveness of countermeasures in different geographical location and can generally be useful in assisting with prediction and the impact on societies, be it physical, social, economical or psychological. The downside to heavy reliance on a tool such as this is the increased probability that underestimation and wrongful predictions due to the use of arbitrary criteria when inputting data. This can lead to problems associ ated with the garbage in, garbage out theory. Furthermore the dearth of knowledge generated by current terrorism research has been instrumental in assisting governments in crafting counter terrorism strategies and policies while providing the foundation for the development of emergency management, law enforcement, security and defence agencies doctrine. More specifically, at the tactical level researchers have provided practitioners with useful information on profiles, character traits, and patterns of behaviors that has allowed law enforcement, security and defence personnel to be able to detect, deter and disable attacks. Moreover terrorism research has assisted government with developing approaches to address, neutralize and manage the effects of the phenomenon of terrorism. Critique The way forward The opportunities that are created by the current disarray in the field of terrorism studies are immeasurable. The gaps in existing literature and the lack of focus and unity provide fertile ground for budding researchers to sow intellectual hybrids for the harvest of a plural solution to a universal problem. The time to adopt a more conciliatory approach that creates synergy with other established fields is now or risks the chance of disappearing into ignominy. The prudence of this approach is a greater understanding and the ability to better inform all stakeholders in the interdiction and the management of the effects of terrorism. The thought of being the pioneer for the further development of the broader theoretical framework must continue to be an interesting prospect. The need to interrogate the core concepts of the field in order to provide satisfactory definitions and theoretical formulations must be seen as alluring. Opportunities for the alignment of methodology and the structuring of the discipline into topic areas, the apportioning of noted gaps to scholarship must be vigorously pursued as this structured approach will create an environment that generates funding for additional terrorism research. The upgrade in software technologies to better able researchers to understand, predict and forecast activities beckons on the horizons but the instigator is urgently needed. A serious examination of the political and strategic roots of terrorism is also essential if current tendencies towards acontextuality and ahistoricism are to be effectively countered. The establishment of new terrorism research journals as part of an attempt to foster a reflective and critical approach to the field is needed for encouraging the identification and exploitation of original information sources. The need for focus and expansion beyond the state-centric orientation of contemporary research is particularly urgent to change the perception of puppetry and biases. CONCLUSION If the benchmark for the acceptance of whether terrorism research field has attained maturity is the voluminous contributions by scholars, experts, theorists and analysts then one can opine that the intended status has been achieved. However, when a comprehensive analysis is conducted to provide insight into a difficult subject area, it is apparent that the field of terrorism research is dichotomous and fragmented. Terrorism research is yet to be considered a complete field primarily because of key issues such as definition, the absence of a theoretical framework, a general lack of focus, variance with interdisciplinarity and the absence of a focused research agenda. Coupled with the stated gaps and the inability to replicate and prove research studies, terrorism research as a field continues to be an elusive endeavor. Moreover, it is apparent that terrorism research has not been allowed to evolve through its developmental stages as other fields (the field was not allowed to creep before it learned to walk). Based on the events of September 2001, the research field appeared to have been given an injection akin to Somatotropin a forbidden synthetic human growth stimulant that has forced its maturity. This premature development which is without a solid foundation and littered with potential dangers and pitfalls is attempting to force its way into becoming an established research field, without first paying its dues. Consequently the environment has had a proliferation of works purporting to be legitimate discourse. Further the statistics from Gordon (2004) attest to the fact that the field has seen the most single author contributions than any other field of research. This must be worrisome as the interpretations can only suggest the appearance of some cultist fad which will eventually wither. The concerns at this time must be what will be the trigger to turn around this annoying trend? The answers lie with the experts, scholars, analysts and researchers and the ability to come together and re-focus a field that is critical to the continued existence of the global population. The responsibilities associated with terrorism research and understanding of the importance to the decrease of the fear of terrorism to the world must be the dilutive to the greed and egotistical aura that permeate the field today.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap
Dream’s Recovered      Everyone has dreams; everyone has goals they want to accomplish. Some know what it is instantly and some take time to realize what they want to do. But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun.      Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch because they only have a two-room apartment. Ruth’s dream of having a baby seems crushed when she finds out that she’s pregnant and realizes they can’t support another in the household. When mama and Walter argue about Ruth getting an abortion Walter says she wouldn’t do anything like that as she walks in, she says â€Å"Yes I would too Walter. I gave her a five-dollar down payment.†(1.2.75). Ruth’s dream of having a baby is dried up when she knows they can’t support another child in the household.      Lena Younger has always dreamed of a garden with beautiful flowers in her own yard next to her own house. But she is devastated when she hears that Walter took the rest of money for the house and Beneatha’s school money and gave it to Willy Harris who literally stole the Young... Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap Dream’s Recovered      Everyone has dreams; everyone has goals they want to accomplish. Some know what it is instantly and some take time to realize what they want to do. But not everyone will achieve their dreams and some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun.      Ruth has to listen to Walter’s extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch because they only have a two-room apartment. Ruth’s dream of having a baby seems crushed when she finds out that she’s pregnant and realizes they can’t support another in the household. When mama and Walter argue about Ruth getting an abortion Walter says she wouldn’t do anything like that as she walks in, she says â€Å"Yes I would too Walter. I gave her a five-dollar down payment.†(1.2.75). Ruth’s dream of having a baby is dried up when she knows they can’t support another child in the household.      Lena Younger has always dreamed of a garden with beautiful flowers in her own yard next to her own house. But she is devastated when she hears that Walter took the rest of money for the house and Beneatha’s school money and gave it to Willy Harris who literally stole the Young...
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Essay --
I am interested in pursuing graduate studies in petroleum engineering because of my keen interest in research and development of Algorithms/Softwares that we as a reservoir engineer use for reservoir characterization, Upscaling and Simulation. I am interested in understanding and development of new techniques in reservoir simulators which would help to model complex process of hydrocarbon flow in subsurface more accurately and efficiently. Having worked with reservoir simulation software I strongly believe that a graduate program would not only complement my four years of undergraduate studies and four years of experience in petroleum industry as a reservoir engineer but would also help me contribute significantly to the field of petroleum engineering. All through in high school, I was a consistent performer in academics as well as in extra co-curricular activities. In addition, I have always been interested in science projects. In my high school, I got a chance to be among top ten meritious students selected from state for â€Å"Youth Leadership Program in Science†. It was this interest in science and mathematics which helped me clear one of the toughest engineering entrance examinations in India, when I qualified through All India Engineering Entrance Exam and opted for petroleum engineering at the University of Petroleum And Energy Studies, Dehradun , as it offered an interesting blend of earth sciences with mathematical analysis. My curiosity about petroleum engineering further increased in my first year of undergraduation when I first came to know about the process of hydrocarbon formation and migration until it reaches the reservoir rock with a trap .At that time, I was really keen to know about the physics governing the multi-... ... acquired necessary skills and strong fascination for methods involved in geostatistical reservoir characterization and Upscaling techniques. In this process, I have also realized the importance of averaging of Input data in the petroleum prospect development. After having relevant experience in this field I am convinced that graduate program is the next logical step to acquire insight and research capabilities to contribute in this field. Thereafter with application of these concepts, I would work towards further refining these acquired skills and would eventually like to do thorough research in bettering the process of reservoir modeling and simulation. An M.S. program would surely be an asset to my career, and would provide me with greater opportunities in research. With all my sincerity and aspirations, I submit my application for your valuable consideration.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
“Advice To youth†by Mark Twain Essay
â€Å"Advice To youth†by Mark Twain is basically a short little composition that he was asked to write to the youth’s of America. Basically it was just meant to be something to be educational and useful in life. I think that what he said back then is just as true today as it was back then when he wrote it. He starts off by saying that you should always listen to what your parents say even if you don’t agree because if you try to rebel against them you’ll just get into an argument and after being punished you’ll be forced to do what they said anyway. It doesn’t matter if you’re right or not just listen to them; you’ll save yourself the hassle of fighting with your parents and ruining your relationship with them. That’s advice that we all have heard, but find impossible to follow growing up. It always ends up with us punished and us having to do something we didn’t want to do plus some other stuff. He says that you should always respect your superiors whether they’re strangers, family or friends. If someone does something to disrespect and your not sure whether it was intentional or not you should hit them with a brick and then if you find out that he didn’t mean any harm you should be a man and tell the person you hit with the brick that you were the one who did it. He said that you shouldn’t fight and just try to talk it out, let bygones be bygones. The first half of this advice is correct; we should respect our elders even if they are wrong. As for hitting someone who offended you miss intentionally or otherwise, if we were to do this in today’s society we would all have to carry weapons on us at all times and we’d all leave a trail of bodies everywhere we went. It’s best just to ignore dumb remarks that are made by even dumber people and get on with life. There is too much ignorance in this world, one person won’t be able to make a difference with something like this. In the third paragraph he says the old clichà © â€Å"early to bed, early to rise†. Then he talks about getting up at different times and how whatever wakes you up will change your attitude. He trained a bird to wake him up at nine thirty every morning, so I guess it makes him optimistic to wake up to a lark chirping. I guess that’s true, but in today’s world no one gets enough sleep; everyone goes to bed late, wakes up early and is always tired. Alarm clocks are a pain to wake up to and so are radios. The sounds of nature wouldn’t wake most people up because we have gotten used to loud noises, so low noise wouldn’t make us shudder. Most of us wake up to the buzzing or beeping of a blaring alarm clock, which makes us angry and groggy. We spend most of the morning dazed and confused and at night tired and lazy. He then talks about lying; he says that you refrain from lying as much as humanly possible unless you are skilled at it. If your a bad liar then you shouldn’t lie because it will usually be slanderous and if you get caught spreading lies you’ll be branded a liar by everyone. This is obvious advice that most people have taken. Most people are good at lying because they have been practicing for years. To become successful you need to be able to lie and stick with the lie until you are on your deathbed. To hear a complete truth from anyone in today’s world is almost impossible since we all stretch the truth from time. He then talks about guns and gun control. He says that you should have a gun in the house in case you need it, but you shouldn’t have it loaded unless you plan to use it. It should never be left unlocked or else you could get hurt if it was left accidentally loaded. He says never point a gun at a person unless you plant to kill them. This is something that most political people and lobbyists talk about allot. I agree with this completely. It’s better to have a gun and not need it then need it and not have it. A gun should never be loaded until right before you are going to use it, anyone with a gun license should know that; same goes for never point a gun at something that you don’t wish to destroy. Guns are weapons not playthings. A gun should be locked on a gun rack or have a gunlock incase someone where to get a hold of it they wouldn’t be able to do anything with it. He then starts talking about how you should read allot, but that you should be careful of what you choose to read. He says you should only read good books having to do with religion. Reading is always a good thing to do. However, in today’s society most people are agnostic so reading about religious topics is something they wouldn’t do under normal circumstances. People should read anything whether comic books, manga, manuals, how to guides or whatever. It’s all better then watching television. He then says that if you listen to his advise you will be a good person. I agree with his statement. All of his written advice is useful stuff that you always hear but don’t care to pay attention to while growing up until it’s too late in life to do anything about it. Mark Twain was a great writer and as it turns out; he also had allot of common sense and useful knowledge, of which he decided to share some with us in that little passage that he was asked to write. Reading it all again and responding to it enforces those ideas in my mind as I hope it will for all those who decide to do this assignment.
Monday, September 16, 2019
BTEC Business Essay
Shell is a multinational oil and gas company with around 87.000 employees in more than 70 countries. It is one of the world’s most valuable companies. Shell was started by Marcus Samuel back in 1833, he was a shopkeeper in London. In 1907 they merged with The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. 1.1.1&1.1.2 Having a lot of offices/petrol stations all around the world makes them a global business and it’s a private business because it’s not owned by the government. Their goal is to make more money than they spend, so Shell is a profit business. Shell is in all three sectors because they dig oil (Primary Sector, they produce the oil (Secondary Sector, and lastly they sell it as well at their petrol stations. Their products are mostly oil and gas but they also have services for example, you can fill your tires with air, you can use their hoover or make use of their carwash. 1.1.3 Shell is a PLC so the liability for debts is on the company. To be considered a PLC you’re business is probably formed and owned by shareholders. Other shareholders can buy their stock quite easily. They have a lot of shareholders. As a shareholder of Shell you aren’t responsible for the debts, may the company go bankrupt. Unicef Unicef which stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency is a massive organisation that tries to help children all over the world, not only to have an education but to protect child’s right in overall. 1.2.1&1.2.2 Unicef has offices all over the world, it’s a global organisation. Almost every country has an office from Unicef. The Government helps for two third of the organisation’s funds and the other part is from the millions of people that supports Unicef which makes it for the bigger part a public organisation. It’s a non-profit organisation, because they don’t want to make a lot of money for themselves but to raise money to help the children who for example can’t go to school because they don’t have the money for it or even because they don’t have schools at that place. Unicef is subjected in the tertiary sector because they serve services to help the children. 1.2.3 It’s a Charity Partnership, as a charity you have to register and must produce annual accounts that are available to be viewed. P2 Stakeholders of Shell 2.1&2.2 A stakeholder is anyone that has an interest or is affected by a corporation. 1.Customers: The customers are the one who buy or uses the products and services of Shell. – They want shell to have the best oil, gas and services so that what they pay for those things are worth their money. -Shell wants the customer to keep coming back to them, because without the customers Shell wouldn’t earn any money. 2.Employees: The employees are the one who works for Shell. – They want to have the security of being employed, getting paid and also the opportunity for promotions. – Shell wants the Employees to do their best because they are kind of representing Shell. For example, if they are rude to customers then the customers may not come back to Shell because of that. 3.The shareholders: The shareholders are the one who owns a part of Shell. – The shareholders want to see their share of profit to increase. – Shell wants them to increase the money. 4.Trade Unions: Trade Unions represent the interest of groups of employees. – With the trade unions employees want to accomplish their interest like get higher wages. – Shell wants to find out the interest of groups of the employees so they can improve it and keep their employees happy. 5.Local And National Communities: Local and National Communities are the ones who represent Shell. – Shell has pipelines in Nigeria which can be very dangerous and cause local pollution, therefore community leaders represent important interest groups. – Shell wants them to represent Shell positively. 6.Suppliers: Suppliers are people who provides Shell’s products. (For example the things they sell at they’re petrol stations, not the oil/gas as they produce that themselves.) – They want to feel valued by Shell and they want steady orders and to be paid at their worth. – Shell wants the suppliers to deliver the right orders and that the products are in best condition. 2.3&2.4 Stakeholders of Unicef 1.Staff members: Staff members ensures that everything is going smoothly, both in offices and on field. – They want to see the results while being in field, for example, to see the kids go to the school they have built. – Unicef wants the staff members to do their best and see the best results. 2.Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates: Goodwill Ambassadors and Advocates are celebrities that funds Unicef. – They want to use their fame positively and help as many kids as they can with their money. – Unicef gets more known because of those celebrities. With their help people acknowledge their campaign. Plus, they are good volunteers with enough money. 3.Young Leaders: Young Leaders are young adults or teens that are helping out with the campaign as well. – Young leaders wants to help out children or teens that are maybe just a few years older than them, sometimes because they feel bad for those children. They have it better so they want to help out. – Having young leaders in the team is a positive outcome because this motivates others from the same age to do something to help children out, too. 4.Teachers: Volunteers that want to teach children in for example Africa. -Teachers wants to volunteer so they feel good about themselves helping the children to get better education or just an education at all. They want to be send off in a secure place, though. And not in, for example, a war zone. – Unicef needs Teachers because otherwise building schools are no help at all if there’s no one to teach those children something. 5.Suppliers: Those are the ones who supplies the school books etc. – They want to feel valued by Unicef and wants clear orders from them. – Unicef wants the suppliers to deliver the orders to be in good quality and to be delivered on time. 6.People who gives their contribution to the collectors: They give money to the collectors to help out. – For example, they want to think they helped out building that school in Africa. – Unicef need those people to help out to get more money so they can help out more. P3 Organisational Chart of Shell 5.1 Shell is organized by function, geographical areas, product groups and type of customers. Shell’s functions are divided in three groupings: Upstream, Downstream and Projects & Technology. Upstream manages the manufacturing and search crude oil and natural gas. Downstream also manages the manufacturing and are responsible for the marketing department. Projects & Technology does the research and projects for new products. Shell is, as mentioned before, a global company, having offices all over the world. The Upstream only is already divided in Upstream Americas (for Americas), Upstream International (for Europe, Asia/Middle East/Russia, Oceania and Africa. This is because it can function better and they can focus within that country/continent. They can focus on the culture and interest within that country/continent. They are also organized by products as you can see above. They are divided by gas, fuels and lubricants and chemical products. This way each group can specialize in their own product and make it better. Shell has a lot of customers, like the one who drives daily to and from their work or a big airplane company or the F1 team. They use different products or amount of products, so Shell organized it this way that the airplane company gets a different price than a normal man who drives daily to and from their work. 5.2 My Royal Dutch Shell would look at the amount of profit they made the year before. How much oil and gas they posses and there is on earth. We’ll look at how much we sell our products and how much our variable costs are and if we can make our variable costs less and our prices higher. Would we lose customers if we do that or not? We will do an internal researches for how much oil there still is on earth. With this information we can go further with our strategic plan. If the oil is decreasing for example, we will look for alternative solution. Shell will look for what’s going on in each country. For example, everyone is really busy with being environmentally conscious, so we’ll think of a way other than greenpeace to show that we are not too bad for the environment. We will look at how the economy is growing or deflating. If it’s growing we can make the price higher, and if it’s deflating we don’t necessarily need to put the prices lower as Shell’s product is something that everyone constantly need. (Oil) Looking at what the concurrent position, at how they are doing is also something to consider. Organisational Chart of Unicef 5.3 Unicef is divided by directors. They have the executive Director who is in charge of the whole organisation. And other directors that are in charge of for example the Human Resources or the supplies. So Unicef is organized by function. Unicef has different regional directors. For example, there’s the Dutch Unicef Director, or the UK Unicef Director. . Working a lot on field (different countries) it’s easier to have regional offices. This makes Unicef function better as Unicef represent itself in 190 countries, each country with different values. So each country director/manager can focus on how to reach the people Unicef is also organized by geographical areas. Unicef focuses on different type of ‘products’ which are actually the different services. Although all is about children, the subjects are different. They have child survival and development, Basic education and gender equality, Children and HIV/AIDS and Child protection. They divided those subjects so they can specialise more and give the help that the child needs better. They also sell small things, kind of reminds me of souvenirs, the profit they make from these goes to the campaign funds. 5.4 Unicef will look at how they’ve succeeded at their projects so far, how many donations they get each year, how many members/volunteer they’ve got and what their next step needs to be depends on what is going on with the people around the countries they help or even which country they’ll need to help next. Once they have all those information, they’ll look at how they can get more projects. To get more projects done, they’ll do more research so that they can give people more and more information and can attract more people to help them out. Unicef should show on the media what they’ve achieve so far and that the money people donate are really helping out. This way we’ll get more donation, so more profit to finish projects. P4 Fulfilling The Purpose of Shell 6.1 Shell’s purpose is to make as much profit as they can. Being organized by function they can put people who are specialised by those functions and make their product even better. The geographical structure helps to get to know what they need to do to get the attention of each country. Because each country has different laws, values and culture they can do their research way better if each group specialised in one specific country. Shell can make their advertisement focused on each country. Focusing on the different customers they can make special offers for different customers. Making these offers they can make sure that the customer will come back to them and can cause word to word advertisement. Splitting up different products types helps customers to know where to find what when they come to buy products from shell. Having different products means they need to make sure everything is from the same quality, the best quality. So by dividing their products and putting people who specialised on those product they know they have the best quality. Which will make customer come back to them. To be structured good, Shell uses the chain of command. It helps shell to make sure that they get the tasks that you need to do and that it doesn’t go to a different department. Fulfilling The Purpose of Unicef 6.2 Unicef’s purpose is to help as much children in need as they can. Being geographical organized helps them to fulfil their purpose because this way they can focus on what each country needs. For example, one country needs more school instead of help with HIV/AIDS. Focusing on different product type helps as well. This way, people knows exactly for what they are donating. Same as Shell, Unicef uses the chain of command so that people get the right tasks. Using Goodwill Ambassador helps them achieve their purposes, too. For example, having Selena Gomez as an ambassador is great help for them in the media. She’s really big in the entertainment industries and is a role model for a lot of teens and young adults all over the world. She indirectly advertises Unicef when she tweets or talks about how she’s an ambassador. Having different directors for each function helps as well as they can specialise on what they are doing in that sector. They can give the people ‘underneath’ them better instructions.
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