Environment Protection Essay

Environment protection is the responsibility of the government. Individual efforts do not count. To what extent do you agree with the above statement? Nowadays, increasing a number of people concern about environment protection. However, whether the responsibility of protecting our environment is supposed to be taken by governments has become a controversial issue. I am going to discuss this topic and present my viewpoint. First of all, governments should educate resident’s awareness of the environmental pollution issues and make every effort to keep our city clean and safe. For example, people should sort rubbish for recycling daily and when they go shopping use green bags instead of plastic bags because this will reduce plastic waste and protect our land and trees. Also, government should encourage people reducing their dependence on private cars and using public transports and riding bicycles more often. By doing so, this will not only decrease the emission of carbon dioxide from cars and will but also reduce traffic jams and accidents on the road and decrease air pollution. Secondly, governments should take action to inspect pollution control measures in factories such as the discharge of waste water or gas is legally or not. If factories do not follow legal requirement, governments should give them penalty and impose severe fine immediately. Moreover, governments should encourage enterprises to create energy saving equipment such as solar energy and hydraulic power system. To sum up, creating a clean and ideal earth should depend on us making effort on it. The responsibility of environmental protect should be shared between individual and governments. We cannot put all responsibility for protecting the environment on to governments. If everyone can change their habits, the day when people live in a both materially and ecologically balanced environment is not far.

Explain The 5 Marketing concepts Essay

Firms and businesses, approach and conduct business in different ways in order to achieve their organizational goals. There are five competing concepts by which firms and business are guided in their marketing effort. The first three concepts production, product and selling, focus all on the product. The last two concepts marketing and societal marketing, focus on the customer. However, the commonality in all five philosophies is that they all have the same goal which is organizational profit. The choice as to which concept or philosophy to adopt depends on the circumstances of the situation The first concept, the production concept, is the philosophy that consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable. This philosophy states that any amount of goods produced will sell if it is available and affordable to customers. When firms adopt this concept, generally they produce goods on a mass production level, to be able to produce large quantities, therefore make it more available; investing in technology is essential, to reduce the costs of production and make it more affordable. In such case the management is required to focus mostly on improving the production and distribution of a particular product. The production concept can be an appropriate philosophy in two types of situations: The first one is where the demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here the management should concentrate on finding ways to increase production. The second situation is where the product’s cost is too high and therefore improved productivity is needed to bring it down. A disadvantage of the production concept, is that firms which employ this concept risk to lose sight of what the customers really want. The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, and features, and therefore the organization should devote its energy to making continuous product improvements. Firms adapting this concept believe that customers are attracted to products which are very efficient and therefore the management emphasizes on adding and  building more value on a product. This concept holds that if one manages to produce the best product it will sell it self easily. A disadvantage of this concept is that firms adopting the product concept, tend to focus too much on the product and this can lead to marketing myopia. Buyers might be looking for a better solution to a problem, but not necessarily a better product in that category. The selling concept states the idea that consumers will not buy enough of the product unless the firm undertakes a large-scale of selling and promotional effort. Firms adopting this philosophy do not produce goods and services in line with people’s need and wants because they try to create demand for that particular product themselves. This task involves investing a lot in advertising and selling because this concept states that demand will be generated by doing so. This requires a good sales force, and firms to perfect various sales techniques to track down prospects and hard-sell them on the benefits of their product. The selling concept is generally practiced with unsought goods, such as insurance, encyclopedias, and funeral plots. A situation in which the selling concept is typically adopted is, when firms have overproduction, and try to sell what they have rather than what people want. A disadvantage of the selling concept is that by adopting this concept, firms mainly aim to get the sale and do not bother about any post-purchase satisfaction. This carries high risks, if customers are not satisfied, relationships are not created and therefore they are not inclined to make other purchases. The marketing concept is the philosophy that holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than others do. Firms practicing the marketing concept, start from the customer, by targeting a specific market and determining its needs and wants through market research. Products and services are than developed accordingly with the market’s demand through integrated marketing. In the  marketing concept profit is generated through building long-term relationships with customers, by delivering superior value and satisfaction. The focus of management is on the customer’s ultimate satisfaction. Hence, while the selling concept takes an inside-out perspective, the marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. The selling concept focuses on the needs of the seller whilst the marketing concept focuses on the needs of the buyer. The Selling concept’s aim is to convert the product into cash. On the other hand the marketing concept aims to satisfy the needs of the customer by means of the product and the whole process associated with creating, delivering and finally consuming it. A disadvantage of the marketing philosophy is that this concept must be based on a long-term process and profits are realised in the long run. Also firms adopting this concept must invest a lot financially, in conducting research and in building relationships with their customers. The fifth concept, the societal marketing concept is the newest concept. It holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that it maintains and improves the consumer’s and the society’s well-being. The societal marketing concept is similar to the marketing concept, except that it also takes into consideration the society’s well-being. This concept was developed in a time where society began to question if the marketing concept was adequate in the face of worldwide environmental problems, resource shortages, and other social problems. Firms adopting the societal marketing concept believe that consumers will respond more favourably to companies which are socially responsible and react unfavourably to companies which they feel are not socially responsible. This gives socially-responsible companies a competitive edge over their competitors. The disadvantages of the societal marketing concept are the same disadvantages of the marketing concept, with the exception that this concept involves more extra costs with regards to the well being of society.

Islamist movements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islamist movements - Assignment Example Hamas is best known throughout the world for carrying out Suicide bombings and other homicidal attacks against Israeli civilians to further its goal of creating an Islamic Republic of Palestine in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. However, the views of these Islamist movements as portrayed by the Western media has also shifted ideologically even though they are still, at large, dispersed in both positive and negative directions. In particular, the way the media of the West has recorded speeches delivered by the leaders of these groups is moving in a different direction. This research study is, therefore, aimed to initiate an investigation into the area of an ideological shift in the portrayal of these speeches and rhetoric by Western media. To make it more precise, this issue will be addressed from the viewpoint of the British and French media and how they have shifted in depicting the speeches and rhetoric of Osama bin Laden and Hamas movement of Palestine. The aim here is to look into the underlying causes of this shift, the way these speeches were portrayed before and the way they are portrayed now. The west waged a war against Afghanistan's fundamentalist groups and then against the dictator leadership in Iraq. However, the true war started right after the collapse of the twin towers when the TV screens, newspapers and magazines of the west launched a media attack against those suspected in the attacks. Islam was defined as a portrait of Bin Laden and terrorism. The term Islamic Fundamentalist was given life as a very negative, degrading or anti-western term in the western dominated media. As a result, a counter attack was launched by Islamist movements. Interviews of Bin Laden were published in the Middle Eastern press, videotapes were launched, audio files released widely over the internet casting views of these movements. The reaction of the West to these releases can however be seen as a transition of responses in which, initially the portrayal was very negative but gradually it entered into reasonableness. Forums and discussions started taking place in which both Western ideologists and Muslim scholars took part. While a marked improvement in the perception of Islam within the Western countries can be acknowledged, yet the beleaguering tendency to portray a distorted image of Islam within their media still remains intact. This study will, therefore, enable a better understanding of why these media were biased, if ever and what exactly are the ways that should be adopted to remove any biasness if there ever was. According to a discussion conducted by the BBC on perceptions of Islam in the British media, "Islam in the British media will continue to improve. More and more journalists are now anxious to pursue the truth. The BBC world Service in English has frequently sought Liberty's opinion on and analysis of developments in various parts of the Arab world. Today many more journalists and producers than ever before are anxious to provide their audience with fuller stories, clearer pictures and fairer images.". (Perceptions of Islam in the BBC and other Western media) The fact cannot be denied about recent awareness on the part of some journalists, TV and radio producers and commentators of covering some Islamic issues in a more objective manner. The coverage of the Bosnian tragedy as well as of the Chechnyan problem by the British media has been quite fair in spite of the biased policy of the

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) Essay

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) - Essay Example e political, religious, social, governmental health & safety issues such as smoking campaigns, education campaigns, fitness campaigns, safe driving, gambling awareness, obesity campaigns, safe sex responsiveness and alcohol prevention operations etc. PSAs are released on all media formats including radio, television, mass media, print media, and social media through indoor & outdoor advertisements etc. In a nutshell, public communication campaigns are a purposive endeavor to influence behaviors of larger audience in a short span of time whilst utilizing multiple channels to communicate mediated message with intentions to reap social benefits. There is a universal process across the globe to design PSAs, which entails situational analysis of the cause after which target audience and objective of the campaign are specified. Later on using coherent set of strategies an informational and persuasive message is developed providing information, organization details and tagline of the campai gn. In this assignment, The I Know Campaign has been discussed in detail which was initially created in Los Angeles due to the disturbing rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea dominance among women of color that later on spread throughout America. History of Public Service Announcements dates back to World War II in United States of America when radio broadcasters and other advertising agencies presented their services towards war efforts and in the process war advertising council also came into existence which served as voice of war information to people through radio, print and outdoor advertisements. Later on after World War II, advertising council turned into an institution to serve nationwide campaigns such as "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires", "Fight Cancer with a Checkup and a Check" and "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste" etc. Such PSAs raised public awareness along with raising funds for research too. Now even after 70 years since first Public Service Announcement, no explicit

Film study and appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film study and appreciation - Essay Example In literal terms of, cinematography is means lighting in movement. This involves all the manipulations on the film strip by the camera during the shooting phase of a film. The processes that occur in the production laboratory after shooting also contribute significantly to the cinematography of a film. The director of photography plays a leading role in determining how the film will be shot. Cinematography is critical in deciding the eventual â€Å"look† of a film and this generally contributes significantly to the realization of the goals of a film. Ocean’s Eleven is a heist film that is with an element of comedy crime. The film is a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack film. The characters of the film include con artists and a group of former prison inmates. This movie was produced in 2001 and was directed by Steven Soderbergh. It features high a high profile cast of Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Andy Garcia and Julia Roberts. The plot of the film revolve s on a plan by ex convict Daniel Ocean (George Clooney) to conduct a high profile theft. The robbery is to be carried out on a high security vault that is shared by three casinos in Las Vegas. Daniel Ocean assembles a rag tag group to conduct the heist. It turns out that the real reason that motivates Daniel Ocean to coordinate the heist is to win back his wife and bankrupt the owner of the casinos who happens to have married Ocean’s wife. Camera angles are critical aspect of cinematography. The use of camera angles can play a significant role in highlighting the desired features so as to resonate well with the audience. A film can employ several camera angles such as high, low, straight-on and bird’s eye view to portray various themes (Brown 76). In the movie Ocean’s Eleven, the element of low angle is utilized to suggest power and influence. This is evident in most scenes where the main character, Daniel Ocean, is often portrayed from a low angle. This imperat ively communicates that he has power and skills to coordinate what is considerably an unprecedented heist. On the other hand, some of the con artists who make up the team are portrayed from high angles. This implies their dependence on the leadership of the main characters in order to succeed. The con artists’ skills are not of significance without the coordination of Daniel Ocean to conduct the heist. The angle of projection in the scene between Daniel Ocean and the casino owner is straight on. This shows that Daniel Ocean considers himself to be equal even not better than the man who took his lover. In some instances, camera angles are used to purely to create striking visual compositions. Scenes in the casinos are shot from bird’s eye view. This helps the audience to appreciate the features of the interior of the casinos such the playing tables and the general settings. Camera distances are also an important aspect of film cinematography. The filming scale can influ ence the perception of relationships between the various characters in a given film. Camera distances can be used to either foster intimacy with the characters of a film or divert the attention from the character to the environment (Brown 74). Hence, shot scale can be exploited to influence the narration and impression created by the various scenes in a film. In the film Ocean’s Eleven, extreme long shot is used to establish a given

Comparing different philosophical theory Assignment

Comparing different philosophical theory - Assignment Example The opposite of determinism is the principle called indeterminism which states that all situations do not have a cause and may occur on their own. The strength of determinism is that it considers human beings as rational decision makers. Determinism accepts that all human being make decisions on the basis of a cost and benefit analysis and then they perform the act. This means that an individual is already aware of the negative outcomes of an act even before he performs that act. Another strong point of determinism is that it is quite scientific in nature. The weakness of determinism is that it does not explain why certain events may have occurred without a preexisting cause. Compatibilism is another philosophical position which is even regarded as soft determinism and this position holds the view that it is true that determinism exist (Russell 381). This means that those philosophers following this principle accept that every action has a preexisting cause. It even states that all the actions that are performed by an individual are controlled by an individual’s desire. The theory rejects the claim that individuals have a freedom of willingness and that individuals actually are free. This means that an act performed by an individual is only free to the degree that an individual is not being limited by external forces. The theory even states that all activities that are performed by an individual take place due to a particular condition that is being experienced by the individual and this condition is regarded as desire. The strength of this theory is that it believes that human actions are governed by their mental state. This helps in explaining w hy a particular human being performed a particular negative or positive action. It even helps in understanding why a person who follows and accepts moral standards end up performing ethically correct acts while a person who lacks morals indulge in unethical activities. The weakness of the theory is

The balanced scorecard approach can be used with an appropriate Assignment

The balanced scorecard approach can be used with an appropriate planning and control system to implement a process based approac - Assignment Example Focusing on this aspect, the paper defines the relationship of BSC with process based approach of organisational management. Furthermore, the paper also provides recommendations regarding the use of BSC for the enhancement of process performance. Keywords: BSC, Process Based Approach, Planning and Control, Performance 1. INTRODUCTION Process based approach is a managerial method that administers the viewpoints and the activities of an organisation. Process based approach is a perspective used for managing different operations and is related with organisational vision, mission and values. Process based approach is concerned with the accomplishment of vision rather than the fulfilment of specific activities and individual functions. It is also useful for evaluating organisational performance. In the context of process based approach, Balanced Scorecard (BSC) can add value by proper planning and control system (Karel, 2012). 1.1 Basic Tenets of Balanced Scorecard Approach MacLellan (200 7) states that foundational tenets of BSC include proper alignment of organisational strategies, interpretation of strategies in functional terms, making accomplishment of strategies as a regular part of job, making strategic tasks a constant procedure, and mobilising changes through appropriate leadership. Appendix A shows the basic tenets of BSC approach. The study of National Rural Health Resource Center (2010) defies five key tenets of BSC approach namely: Readiness Evaluation: Before implementing BSC, it is vital that organisational leaders such as Chief Executive Officer (CEO), directors and managers are completely committed to the operational process with respect to participation, abstract understanding and communication. Without commitment, the outcome of BSC can be jeopardised. Leadership Engagement: For successful BSC implementation, organisations must ensure proper leadership engagement. It is essential that organisational leaders are completely involved in the developmen t of BSC in order to maintain proper performance standards (Isoraite, 2008). Better Understanding of BSC: It is imperious for organisational leaders to have good understanding about BSC concept and also to educate others regarding its features. The key constituent of successful BSC approach is clear communication about BSC within the organisation. Identification of Key Indicators: One of the key tenets of BSC is the identification of indicators that can accurately evaluate the accomplishment of organisational objectives. There must also be proper relationship between chosen strategies and overall organisational mission. Establishment of Long-term Sustainability: Implementation of BSC cannot be accomplished instantaneously. Proper application of BSC necessitates time along with changes in the organisation at every level (National Rural Health Resource Center, 2010). 1.2 Essentials of a Successful Process Based Approach to Organisational Management The roadmap for successful process b ased approach is proper communication of organisational vision, development of classified model of business process, determination of performance methods for every process, establishment of measurement approaches, removal of process distinction where appropriate and constant improvement of performance of targeted processes (Leonardo Consulting, 2010). 1.3 Study Objectives Based on process based approach to organisational management, the study intends to discuss how BSC can be used in process based app

Fannie Mae Accounting Scandal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fannie Mae Accounting Scandal - Case Study Example In 2004, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) found out that the firm Fannie Mae was violating the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This practice, as per the government investigation took place from 1998-2004, while in the year 1998, the management over stated revenues and understated the expenses. In accordance with a report that has been recently presented by OFHEO, there was involvement of high level executives that led to the misinterpretation and violation of accounting standards, which was a massive scale 'organized-accounting-robbery' mounting the dollar amount to 11 billion. The director of OFHEO took an immediate note and directed correction, which was turned down by Fannie Mae making an excuse that it could have been an end-user issue as the company is not fully automated. What truly went improper was the fact that loans and mortgage are fairly risky games and there are always chances of customers defaulting, alongside the interest rate risk makes the venture further riskier. For securing their investment and giving better return to stakeholders, Fannie Mae undertook risky ventures and investment for better returns and compensating the main stream line of business. When there were phenomenal profits, the shareholders and executives remain satisfied due to income (dividend yield and capital gains) and bonuses respectively. Violation of GAAP In the recently presented report by OFHEO, after three years of extensive investigations, there was a major accounting flaws in the accounting practices of Fannie Mae noticed and marked. The major ones are highlighted as the violation of the following GAAP standards: 1. SFAS-91: Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases 2. SFAS-133: Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities As mentioned previously, that there was too much over-estimation of income and underestimated expenses that mainly contributed to increased bottom-line of the financial statements. The excess income was mainly recorded by means of non-refundable fees. Alongside, the future in-flows of cash were adjusted by using hedging and futures counters that introduced lesser risk with fluctuating interest rates, however, these also increased the risk by means of gambling over the same counters with excess money. Official Involvement & Auditors The major player/official involved in this scandal was the Chief Executive of Fannie Mae i.e. Franklin Raines. He always defended the company in good terms by making others responsible by tarnishing the repute of the company. The CFO (Chief Financial Officer) also defended the company in good terms by stating that the financial statements were as per the GAAP requirements. The audit of this firm was KPMG who backed out after sometime. The denial of having the firm involved in such a violation gave a view of KPMG being involved them in the issue but it could have been a case of negligence as well as the auditors drew their hands from this case soon. OFHEO

Foundations of Critical Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Foundations of Critical Care - Essay Example Since this involved events surrounding a complex decision making at higher level where I am being guided by my mentor consistently, I felt John's model of structured reflection will be useful, and I will follow that in this reflective process (Johns, 1995, 226-235). Consequently, I will pay greater attention to my thoughts and emotions surrounding this event of my recent past experiences. This is the story of a patient whom I cared for in my placement in the critical care unit. In my placement in the critical care unit, my mentor assigned this patient to me. This is a middle-aged female patient who had abdominal surgery for her Crohn's disease and had been transferred to the intensive care unit for stabilization in a critical condition following anaesthesia. The intention of admission was to stabilize her and help her complete recovery form anesthesia so she can be extubated in the intensive care unit (Adam and Osbourne, 2005, 1-11). At assignment, I assessed her to find that she was sedated, was having very poor spontaneous breathing response, and intubated. She was connected to monitors, and a central venous pressure (CVP) line was inserted. A separate IV line was there, and it was running frusemide infusion at 2 mg/h since she was quite edematous. She was also advised hydrocortisone 50 mg intravenously three times a day along with her medications (Evans, 1998, 8-1 2). They diagnosed her to be in acute renal failure, and the management was expectant in that it would lead resolution of renal failure quickly. On my systematic assessment on assignment, my examination revealed that she has moderate oozing from her abdominal wound. However, her urine output was less than 40 mL/h, and from the urine in the bag, I thought that her urine was very concentrated. This is unlikely in an edematous patient with frusemide infusion. She was connected to ventilator at a PEEP of 10 to support her breathing. The striking feature was that her CVP was falling (Fitzpatrick and Donnelly, 1997, 271-279), and at the time of my care it was at 6. This was an obvious incongruence, and I discussed this with the Junior Doctor about her situation and requested him to reassess the condition. The doctor refused to relook at the situation and told that it was going fine. I felt frustrated since this patient needed to be assessed immediately for revising the management plan, an d I had hardly anything to do (Dowling et al., 1996, 1211-1214). Significant Issues From my academic learning, I knew that acute renal failure is not uncommon in a patient with prolonged and mutilative surgery. However, the care management must be collaborative in the critical care setting, since nurses remain closely attached to the patients during care delivery monitoring the patient on a minute-to-minute basis. Therefore, I felt I have a chance to know her progress or deterioration better than anyone else (Hudak & Galo, 1997, 16-26). Quite frequently, acute renal failures in postoperative patients are results of fluid depletion or dehydration, since the volume loss in the intraoperative period can be inadequately noticed. As the nurse in charge of her care, I felt the urge to actively participate in her care, and my input from that angle was to reassess her fluid status once again and to

Six Keys to the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Six Keys to the Arts - Essay Example Standard visitors can be bored or not get interested due to the readings or educational content in a museum, consequently, a museum should promote enjoyment relatively to learning. This is because; such category of the museum can be designed to be visually stunning by obtaining interactive events or even games in the section of its exhibitions. A person should focus on education by concentrating on exhibition to try and teach people about things that they do not know. More often than not, the history included in the museum. To promote cultural competent, as well as, linguistically necessary exchanges there must exist collaboration among families, professionals, students, and communities. Where these collaborations encourage equitable outcomes for all students and result in the identification and provision of services that are responsible for issues of race, culture, gender and social, economic status. Anthropology is all about the scientific study of human culture as well as their biological relation. It tries to define what human beings are, by either through historically, socially, and biologically. Culture has been defined by a wide range of behavior patterns and knowledge learned and acquired by a society of people. One of the institutions that promote culture is museums, where cultural sensitivity in museums is attributed to main race, age and color. Some of the cultural conflict experienced in museums includes information about divergent roles of women in family decisions as well as practices and symbol systems among cultural groups. Museums are institutions where the core values of a culture are acquired. Such institutions can determine one’s culture through educative and historical narratives, where museums personnel have the responsibilities of making instructions that is culturally responsive to all students without favoring one group over the other.  

Raising Achievement of Ethnic Minority Children Essay Example for Free

Raising Achievement of Ethnic Minority Children Essay This literature review would explore the barriers in raising educational achievements of ethnic minority students. As this is a broad area of concern the literature would examine two main barriers such as social background issues and English as Additional Language (EAL) while briefly looking at other barriers such as†¦ Statistical data collected from the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) 2002 would be analysed in respect to this group social economic status and its effect on their learning. The literature would outline the significance of raising achievement, particularly ICT teacher’s responsibility. This report would identify some strategies/solutions including pedagogical approaches to raising achievement which would be supported by research. The overall findings would illustrate why ethnic minority children underperform academically than their counterparts in school. INTRODUCTION It is important to recognise that ethnic minority pupils may fall into the category of low class low achievement. (Battle and Lewis 2010 pg35) said â€Å"a person’s education is closed linked to their life chances, income and wellbeing† it’s therefore, fair to say that ethnic minority communities are most likely to underachievement than others because of their socio-economic conditions. Language in education has long been the subject of attention by educationists at all levels. Initially as concerning the problem of teaching English to children for whom it is not a first language, The Swann Report 1985 pg385 Other drawbacks to raising achievement are institutional racism, lack of motivation, lack of suitable challenge, the appropriateness of activities and tasks, a mix-match of expectations, a perceived irrelevance of the activities and tasks. National Education Authority claim to be â€Å"raising achievement to higher levels and closing student achievement gaps are priorities in schools and communities at all economic levels and in urban, rural, and suburban settings†. (http://www.nea. org/home/17413. htm. Accessed 02/11/12) What is Raising Achievement? According to (DfES 0013-2006. Pg. 6) (Excel and enjoy) raising achievement means a â€Å"tailored education for every child and young person, that gives them strength in the basics, stretches their aspirations, and builds their life chances. It will create opportunity for every child, regardless of their background†. Teachers have a committed liability to enable all learners to attain and achieve their full potential, whether they are SEN (Special Education Needs), EAL (English as an Additional Language) or ethnic minority student. What is Ethnic Minority? The ethnic minorities in the UK, 50% are Asian or Asian British (Indian, Pakistani etc. ), 25% are Black or Black British (Black African, Black Caribbean etc. ), 15% are Mixed Race, 5% are Chinese and 5% are of other ethnic backgrounds. (http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm. Accessed 02/11/12) Cabinet Office defined it as â€Å"Ethnicity refers to cultural heritage (thus the term ethnic minorities can also be used to include White ‘ethnic’ minority groups in Britain, such as the Irish or people from other European countries). However, the systematic historical and continuing pattern of disadvantage for Black and Asian groups singles them out for special consideration†. (webarchive. gov. uk. Accessed 02/11/12). Barriers to Raising achievement Socio-Economic Backgrounds: Socio class can cause inequality in class which could in turn influence the achievement in children; (C. Stephen pg. 269) Social scientists have recognised the importance of an individual’s family socio economic status (SES) has an influence on the academic achievement of children since the mid-1960s. It could cause low their self-confidence and self-esteem â€Å"ethnic minorities may have special issues related to self-esteem. Because of prejudice, minority members are likely to see a negative image of themselves† ( DeLamater. J Myers. D pg. 88). (http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm) â€Å"Ethnic backgrounds that are less successful in education is because they have a higher percentage of pupils from working class backgrounds. Also the lower a childs class position, the lower their income. Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black pupils are more likely to be raised in low income families. This can affect how well they do in school because lack of funds means lack of school equipment, less favourable working conditions e. g. cold house, no desk etc. This inequity could lead to poor or erratic attendance which was cited as a contributory factor to poor attainment in several schools. Table1 the Pupil Level Annual School Census (PLASC) 2002 illustrates the impact of socio-economic disadvantage by comparing relative GCSE performance for pupils who are eligible for free school meals. This shows that pupils from lower socio-economic groups tend to achieve less good results than those from higher socio-economic groups and that this difference is particularly large for white pupils. (Aiming High Raising the Achievement of Minority Ethnic Pupils) Table2: The pupil level annual school census (PLASC) 2002 characteristics: Proportion achieving 5+ A*-C GCSEs for those entered for GCSEs in Maintained Schools in 2002 Note: these charts are based on data collected as part of the 2002 Pupil Level Annual Schools Census. From 2003, data will be based on an updated set of categories including mixed heritage, Gypsy/Roma and Travellers of Irish heritage which are listed at annex A. (Aiming High Raising the Achievement of Minority Ethnic Pupils) Discrimination on grounds such as race will affect effective learning fundamentally in most cases, which is linked to disparities in school. Some schools are institutionally racist, says Oftseds Director of Inspections, Jim Rose to the annoyance of teachers unions. Mr Rose said Much of that [racism], we think, is to do with unwitting stereotyping of youngsters and the lack of expectation or lowered expectation of teachers as a result of that sometimes (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/294078. stm)†. With the fact that their â€Å"ethnicity influences their class and their class influences their attitude†, there is concern about the aspirations of underprivileged children â€Å"socio-economic barriers may hinder aspiration formation for these children because of lack of mentors, opportunities, and resources and also doubt their ability to attain in learning† (http://www.learningbenefits. net/Publications/ResReps/ResRep27. pdf pg3). The majority of schools are engaged in a wide variety of initiatives to improve provision and raise the attainment of all pupils. However, few schools monitor these activities systematically and rarely do they have a specific ethnic focus. (Raising_the_attainment_of_minority_ethnic_pupils_school_and_LEA_responsespg7). Strategies to raising achievement of Socio-economic barrier: Having realistic expectations of the educational achievement of children of lower socioeconomic groups will make them feel they can achieve their potential. â€Å"Expectations are also shaped by teacher and student perceptions of the reasons for successes and failures. A low ability student, who views failures as lack of ability and successes as luck, will lose his motivation, feeling that there is little he can change to improve his learning†. (Rose Miller 2001) As evidenced earlier pupils from ethnic minority group have low self –esteem therefore, it is crucial for teachers to encourage the child or young person to find their own preferred style and rhythm of learning so they are motivated to pursue their learning process, making them have ownership of their own learning and work. To help raise achievement teachers and leaders should monitor and track achievement, encourage and support the child to maximize their potential be aspirational for them. â€Å"Parents with fewer financial resources tend to hold lower aspirations for their children, and young people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds tend to have lower aspirations than their more advantaged peers (Schoon, 2006). Promoting a culturally friendly environments and establishing classroom ethos of respect with a clear approach to racism and bad behaviour â€Å"modelling and promoting values, attitudes and behaviour supportive of race equality in class would explore and target underachievement to raise attainment†. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg23). Strategically choosing students to work in groups, peer assessment where they can see others work which could help them shape their own work and attain a better grade. However, teachers need to provide students with a stress free learning environment so they can feel included . (EVIDENCE OF WHY THEY NEED STRESS FREE ENVIRON,ENT) The revised National Curriculum includes a statutory inclusion statement setting out how teachers can ensure the curriculum is accessible to all pupils which would certainly help raise attainment for also ethnic minority students . It states that teachers must follow three principles for inclusion: setting ethnic focus. (Raising_the_attainment_of_minority_ethnic_pupils_school_and_LEA_responsespg7). Strategies to raising achievement of Socio-economic barrier: Having realistic expectations of the educational achievement of children of lower socioeconomic groups will make them feel they can achieve their potential. â€Å"Expectations are also shaped by teacher and student perceptions of the reasons for successes and failures. A low ability student, who views failures as lack of ability and successes as luck, will lose his motivation, feeling that there is little he can change to improve his learning†. (Rose Miller 2001) As evidenced earlier pupils from ethnic minority group have low self –esteem therefore, it is crucial for teachers to encourage the child or young person to find their own preferred style and rhythm of learning so they are motivated to pursue their learning process, making them have ownership of their own learning and work. To help raise achievement teachers and leaders should monitor and track achievement, encourage and support the child to maximize their potential be aspirational for them. â€Å"Parents with fewer financial resources tend to hold lower aspirations for their children, and young people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds tend to have lower aspirations than their more advantaged peers (Schoon, 2006). Promoting a culturally friendly environments and establishing classroom ethos of respect with a clear approach to racism and bad behaviour â€Å"modelling and promoting values, attitudes and behaviour supportive of race equality in class would explore and target underachievement to raise attainment†. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg23). Strategically choosing students to work in groups, peer assessment where they can see others work which could help them shape their own work and attain a better grade. However, teachers need to provide students with a stress free learning environment so they can feel included . (EVIDENCE OF WHY THEY NEED STRESS FREE ENVIRON,ENT) The revised National Curriculum includes a statutory inclusion statement setting out how teachers can ensure the curriculum is accessible to all pupils which would certainly help raise attainment for also ethnic minority students . It states that teachers must follow three principles for inclusion: setting suitable learning challenges; responding to pupils’ diverse learning needs; and overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment for individuals and groups of pupils. (cabinet office pg14). NALDIC (National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum), states that we should therefore ensure access to and progress through the curriculum or subject content. (using ict for eal pg5) Also very few schools review their curricular and pastoral strategies to ensure that they are sensitive to the ethnic groups in the student population and the wider community. In those instances where schools have done this as a result of concerns about a particular minority ethnic group, positive outcomes have resulted. (Raising_the_attainment_of_minority_ethnic_pupils_school_and_LEA_responsespg7) Schools working effectively with pupils in low attaining groups were not found to adopt specific approaches for particular groups of pupils such as minority ethnic groups, but instead personalised the curriculum, pedagogy and assessment such that pupils in any group could benefit. (Effective Teaching and Learning for Pupils in Low Attaining Group). Self- assessment and appropriate target setting according to individual learning styles would help them to build identities as successful learners. The new Teachers Standards (DfE, 2011) would enable this strategy to work perfectly as teachers have to Adapt teaching to respond to the strengths and needs of all pupils†¦evaluate distinctive teaching approaches to engage and support them. (Standard 5 The QTS Standards: DFES ‘Qualifying to Teach’(2002) In additional, as â€Å"they are much more likely than their peers of a higher socioeconomic environment to have a poor attendance, leave school earlier and with fewer qualifications, and are at far greater risk of being excluded from school. † http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf . Teachers recognise strengths and improvements praising their effort would encourage children participation. Using positive words (‘I’ve seen a spark in you) and encourage this group would make them feel motivated, believe in themselves and appreciated to want to attend school (promoting attendance) regardless of any socio-economic worries. Attending â€Å"parents evenings and other less formal school functions can help understand difficulties and help to remove any barriers† http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf. This could help build parent teacher relationship and both parties could devise ways to help raise the achievement and eliminate barriers affecting this young person’s learning. ? Respect frustration and encourage a positive approach to setbacks. http://education-landscapes. eu/pdf/learning_barriers. pdf. English as an Additional Language (EAL) barrier on Ethnic Minority: EAL learners will be affected by attitudes towards them, their culture, language, religion, and ethnicity http://www. mkweb. co. uk/emass/documents/Website_EAL_Artwork. pdf. The proportions of pupils with English as an additional language are from ethic minority background groups about five per cent (Black Caribbean pupils) to over 90 per cent (those from Bangladeshi backgrounds). Approximately 9. 3% (over 632,000) of all pupils in schools in England are recorded as having English as an additional language (EAL) according to Statistics of Education 2002(aiminghighraisingachievent pg28). These speech patterns are argued to be consistent with many low income families which are inadequate to meet the demands of the education system. These patterns directly contribute to educational failure as students cannot always understand elaborated speech which teachers use and teachers often misunderstand students who use the restricted speech. As a result there is a breakdown in communication between teachers and pupils. http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/ethnic_minorities_education. htm. This is a major barrier to achievement as English is not their first language and cannot communicate effectively in lesson, with peers and content of the curriculum it is helpful for the to access prior knowledge so they have a fair understanding before the next lesson â€Å"Language learners need access to the subject curriculum while they are learning English†. EAL students learning is NOT a learning difficulty, learners should not be placed in groups or sets for ‘slow learners’–they need good peer models of subject specific talk and writing. Teacher expectations are powerful determiners of student success. Teachers should reflect high expectations in the ambitious targets set for these children. Bilingual learners need to make more progress each year than their peers in order to catch up (Collier, 1995) –their efforts need to be acknowledged and appreciated, to build their self-image and self-esteem as successful learners. (Making the Difference Teaching and learning strategies in multi-ethnic schools) Solution/Approaches: (Bourne, 1998 and others) Reforming the mainstream to be more language aware is not only good for bilingual learners, but benefits ALL students (Making the Difference Teaching and learning strategies in multi-ethnic schools). Education authorities have recognised the fact that student with EAL will struggle to reach their potential and has incorporate into the new Teachers Standards, saying that â€Å"all teachers and trainee teachers will benefit from an understanding and recognition of EAL as a significant field of teaching and learning. (http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy.) It is important to recognise that children learning EAL are as able as any other children, and the learning experiences planned for them should be no less cognitively challenging â€Å"High challenge can be maintained through the provision of contextual and linguistic support and raise attainment. (ExcellenceandEnjoyment:learningandteachingintheprimaryyears,Creatingalearningculture:Classroomcommunity,collaborativeandpersonalisedlearning(DfES 0522-2004 G) However, Schools and colleges will need therefore to provide both physical and virtual learning environments that motivate and support the EAL learner’s distinctive needs. Raising achievement of ethnic minorities students with low attainment and EAL by developing appropriate resources across the curriculum; make effective use of displays boards to support their learning and develop their knowledge of the linguistic, cultural backgrounds. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg32) It is a legal requirement for literacy to be included into lesson; literacy is fundamental to good learning and achievement. It must therefore be a top priority for teachers consider how subject specific vocabulary like writing out keywords on white board, spelling and pronouncing words correctly which would help improve their English language â€Å"grammar should be introduced, modelled, extended and supported through the teaching of subject content to enhance literacy† (ExcellenceandEnjoymentlearningandteachingforbilingualchildrenintheprimaryyears). Organise small groups for computer-based activities that enable early stage learners to work with other first language speakers and to hear good models of English. â€Å"Establishing layered curriculum targets as a context for language development. Speaking and listening: guided sessions for language development. † (Effective Teaching and Learning for Pupils in Low Attaining Group). Using ICT to raise achievement of Ethnic Minority pupils with EAL. ICT has a vital role to play in providing the appropriate resources and technology for both learners and teachers. Using ICT to support EAL students presents challenges for many teachers of how best to make use of these new and emerging technologies to raise the achievement of their EAL students. (Using ICT to support students who have English as an additional language) Using Creative use of ICT in the classroom can promote inclusion and reflect cultural and linguistic diversity. Multimedia Projects provide excellent opportunities for learners to work collaboratively with other first language speakers. Email, local network links, user groups and video conferencing facilities provide opportunity for learners to communicate with proficient speakers of English and also of their first language across the world. Pupils learning EAL require opportunities to draw on additional contextual support to make sense of new information and language. Content learning for pupils learning EAL can be greatly improved through the use of visual support. This can help learners to conceptualise learning tasks that are being presented to them, or in which they are engaged, even when their knowledge of the target language is limited. http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy OCD/Migraine/ Metal plate in head due to past injury. If *** bumps her head call carer immediately/ unhappy to come SRS/difficult to make friends/suffered bullying/kept away from other students at break times in primary school/attention seeker/ mother died due to violently attacked by father (sees father in prison) / CAMHS/ care placement/ Literacy/maths/low self esteem/limited support from home/ IEP/PEP Pedagogy approach to EAL EAL pedagogy is the set of systematic teaching approaches which have evolved from classroom based practices in conjunction with the development of knowledge through theoretical and research perspectives. These approaches meet the language and learning needs of pupils for whom English is an additional language. They can be used in a wide range of different teaching contexts. http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy Setting out limited number of objectives criteria describe what the outcomes will look like when they are achieved; and actions linked to the target objectives to identify what has to be achieved by the end of lesson is said to raise success of learners whose second language is English (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg23). Personalisation is the key to tackling the persistent achievement gaps between different social and ethnic groups. It means a tailored education for every child and young person, that gives them strength in the basics, stretches their aspirations and builds their life chances. Higher standards, better schools for all (HMSO 2006)(from-excellentandenjoymentlearning pg14) The development of EAL pedagogy has been influenced by social constructivist theories which emphasise the importance of scaffolding learning, and those which highlight the importance of socio-cultural and emotional factors. Children learning EAL will be affected by attitudes towards them, their culture, language, religion and ethnicity. (excellentandenjoymentlearning pg14) Learning of English should be distinguished into communicative skills and cognitive and academic language proficiency. Children should be paired up in group so they can become conversationally fluent in the new language by communication and collaborating with others and to catch up with monolingual peers in the development of cognitive and academic language. Activating pupils prior knowledge â€Å"Finding out what pupils know about a topic through questioning, supporting self-monitoring and using KWL (Know, Want to find out, Learned) charts, brainstorming in small groups or pairs, discovery tasks, enabling use of first language. †http://www. naldic. org. uk/eal-teaching-and-learning/outline-guidance/pedagogy. Peer and share, questioning strategies using oral feedback is also important to move learners towards the forms of language used in writing (cognitive) and linguistic development. Children learning an additional language are not just learning vocabularies, grammars and pronunciations; it helps them to learn all other language functions such as questioning, analysing, hypothesising that they need for other subjects like mathematics, science, ICT and so on. Planning lesson for a class that has EAL student.

Navigating the Business Communication Environment

Navigating the Business Communication Environment Reconda Armijo How does teamwork help organizations? What communication challenges does teamwork pose? How might one prepare for these challenges in a business communication course? Team work helps organizations by bringing together people’s varying strengths and talents to solve problems and make decisions (Locker Kienzler, 2013). Teamwork also allows for input from varying perspectives based on type of job or function as well as from a different cultural perspective. For example, in my office, my strengths are on an administrative side thus I am given the administrative tasks to focus on while my co-worker who is bubbly works more in creating the inviting atmosphere we want for our customers. Teamwork can also create challenges in communicating tasks and distribution of work. It requires the ability to see one another’s strengths and utilizing them. A communication course can help prepare individuals to recognize ways to effective communicate ones strengths and place them in tasks where they can utilize those strengths and at times be able to draw one out of their own self-limiting habits. In what ways is teamwork connected to other current trends in business and administrative communication that the chapter discusses? Find examples where current trends in business and administrative communication seem to converge. Teamwork offers an opportunity to maximize employee’s strengths. This is evident in customer service especially. Team members who are strong in customer service can assist those who may not be as strong to develop those skills more easily. Teamwork is also important to assist with balancing work and family. When we work together as a team, we are able to handle situations that may arise when a coworker is out and vice versa. In my office, we are all trained to handle all situations. This allows us to continue moving forward regardless of who is out. This helps our company to continue to be productive and not have to wait for a particular person to return for a task to be completed or resolved. Conduct some internet or library research on the concept of Kaizen. How does this technique help business and other types of organizations? What communication challenges and opportunities does the technique create? Kaizen is a coaching method used to transform people into better problem solvers, thinkers, and leaders. They utilize a hands-on approach to learning. They teach you how to observe processes, identify abnormalities and root causes and apply their techniques to make practical improvements (Kaizen Institute, 2014). This could present communication challenges as you try to help employees see their faults but more importantly their potential. Employees will be sensitive to being told they are doing something wrong so caution needs to be exercised by showing them more efficient use of time and skills. This also offers the opportunity to express ways of maximizing on strengths and acknowledging those strengths. Help Caleb and the group draft the memo for Doug, Some questions to consider: How will you address its multiple audiences, which include the president, VPs, and managers? What should be the primary purpose of the memo? The secondary purpose? What type of and how much information on Kaizen should be included? All-Weather, Inc. has had the privilege of experiencing Kaizen, a method of learning to improve our current methods and maximize our resources and strengths. We will be implementing a system for reducing waste, creating measureable improvements, and developing people and enhancing our customer’s delight. You are all a part of this process. Together we can transform this company and our individual lives. Training workshops will be scheduled with two of the best experts on the subject. These workshops are designed to coach, teach, mentor and guide us on a transformation journey focused on getting results and developing people to be better†¦ better problem solvers, thinkers, and leaders. The Kaizen focus is on everybody, everyday and everywhere improvement. We look forward to seeing our company and staffs develop to be better in all aspect. Chapter Five: Planning, Composing, and Revising Find the mistakes that Tanner made in his interaction with the Japanese professors. Tanner’s mistakes included the firm handshake and using terms meant only for phone conversations, improper handling of the business cards and not offering one in return, the pat on the back of Dr. Kawabata, and the choice of his gifts and insistence in opening the gift. These all show his lack of learning the cultural differences and etiquette. Understanding these differences can make a huge difference in the relationship formed. Prepare a memo for Caleb to include information regarding the aspects of Japanese culture and etiquette. As we quickly approach the Kaizen training, it important for us to take some time to understand the Japanese business culture and etiquette. In practice, Japanese business etiquette is not so different than our own. Politeness, sensitivity and good manners are the pillars of Japanese business just as they are here. However, Japanese business etiquette is more formal, almost ritualistic in some aspects. Below are a few key aspects of Japanese business etiquette: Business cards are a must have. Accept them with both hands and say â€Å"thank you†. Treat them with respect and keep them in a proper carrying case. Business attire: Men wear a dark suit, black or navy in the winter and grey for summer months, and have well groomed short hairstyles. Additionally, facial hair and shaved heads are not allowed. Do not wear a black suite, white shirt and black tie as this is considered funeral attire. Japanese men do not easily relate to women in authority so it is recommended that women wear shorter (tied back) hair, trouser suits with seasonal colors like the men. Jewelry, short skirts and high-heeled shoes are also not accepted. Business attire is not complete without business cards. Business Meetings: it is proper to confirm the appointment 1-2 hours prior to scheduled meeting as well as 1 hour advanced notice if you will be late to give the opportunity to reschedule if necessary. Arrive 10 minutes early. Be prepared and able to present in the allotted time. Wait to be seated and take lots of notes. Personal Habits: Avoid firm handshakes. Japanese seldom shake hands and this can make them uncomfortable. Never pat a Japanese man on the back/shoulder. Never make derogatory remarks about anyone. Always smile, be pleasant, willing to learn and ask questions. Do no As you can see, things that we consider a normal part of our business day can be offensive in other cultures. We need to be mindful and respectful to our valued guest. We would expect nothing less from our business partners as well. References Kaizen Institute. (2014, January 18). Lean Consulting. Retrieved from Kaizen Institute: http://us.kaizen.com/consulting/lean-consulting.html Locker, L. O., Kienzler, D. S. (2013). Business and Administrative Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Venture Japan. (2014, January 18). Japanese Business Ettiquette. Retrieved from Venture Japan: http://www.venturejapan.com/japanese-business-etiquette.htm

Ethical Theories Of Business

Ethical Theories Of Business Ethical theory studies different philosophies or systems used to explain and make judgments regarding right/wrong/good/bad. It challenges to bring in clarity, substance, and precision of argument into the area of morality. They also dispute on how we should value humans in our actions. Ethical theories suggest justification for judgment regarding the morality or immorality of actions, and they provide a basis for claims about moral obligations. Ethical theories are based on the ethical principles. They each highlight different features of an ethical dilemma and direct to the most ethically approved decision according to the guiding principle within the ethical theory itself. Generally ethical principles stem from ethical theories, and when defending a particular action, ethicists normally appeal to these principles, not the underlying theory. Ethical theory is applied to the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are s ubject of moral judgment. It is thus a term used to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. This essay briefly explains the purpose of an ethical theory and why no more than one ethical theory can be right. It outlines the positions the two ethical theories. It further discusses on claim So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Finally it outlines and illustrates one criticism that an opponent might level at each of the ethical theories. Ethical theories and principles are the foundation of ethical analysis as they guide along the pathway to a decision. Purpose of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Ethical theory highlights different points such as predicting the outcome and following duties in order to reach an ethically truthful decision. Ethical theory attempts to answer the fundamental practical ethical question of What ought I to do? and How ought I live? It offers the fundamental justification for judgment in relation to the morality or immorality of actions, and provides a basis for claims about moral obligations (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). These principles/roles of ethical theories are the common goals that they try to achieve in order to be successful. This goal includes beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. The principle of beneficence directs ethical theory to do what is good, which should attempt to engender the largest ratio of good over evil. The principle of least harm states that a person should choose least harm possible which harms the fewest people. Respect for autonomy states that people should be allowed to make decisions of their lives which applies them and justice affirm that justice should be tolerable and actions to be fair for those who are involved. There are several varieties of ethical theories to choose from in a business ethics environment however only one ethical theory could suite a particular environment at that instance. This is for the reason that all theories have been developed by unique philosophers. Ethicists and people who generally apply these theories could also have different ideas of how to answer questions such as What is the right way to act in this situation?, What makes this the right way to act in this situation? and How should I act in general so as to live a good life? (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.27,28). All theories convey a different idea on why an action counts as ethically good or bad. Lets say for instance we take utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory, utilitarianism argues that moral importance of an action lies on the predictable consequences of the action where as kantian moral theory emphasizes on the moral importance of an action lies in the principle of the person s action. For example a person steals $100 from a billionaire and uses that money to feed 40 hungry kids on street, utilitarianism will agree that it is morally a good thing as it produces greater happiness. However, kantian theory would argue that stealing money from someone is wrong as this will break the law even though it will help 40 hungry kids. Ethical theories purposes are based on above ethical principles. Two ethical theories in this course which I have chosen to discuss comprehensively are utilitarianism and kantian moral theory. Utilitarianism ethical theory proposes that moral worth of actions should be judged by its utility in providing happiness or suffering, compared with the amount of happiness or suffering likely to be caused by alternative actions (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). It is one of the more functional and commonly used theories today which is also sometimes called consequentialism. Utilitarianism is well known by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of people which utter that the moral right action is the one that is most likely to maximize happiness, bearing in mind that equally interests of all affected by it, no matter who these people are. For example, a witness lies at the court house that the victim murdered a person. As the victim would have been sentenced, there would have been no one left to take care of his three kids. Under utilitarianism, this was morally the right thing for the witness to do as the result have benefited more people. Th ere are two sorts of utilitarianism, which are act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is mostly what described above where a person performs the acts that benefits the most people. Rule utilitarianism uses the same principle of benefiting the most people but through the fairness and most just means available. This add extra value to rule utilitarianism as it adds value justice and general rules while including the benefits greatest happiness principles. One benefit of this ethical theory is that utilitarian can match up similar predicted solutions and draw on a point system to decide which choice is more beneficial for more people. It compares the likely good and bad consequences of one action with the likely good and bad consequences of the alternative action. Kantian moral theory is a deontological ethical theory which came from a Greek word meaning duty. Deontological theory is an approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rule or rules (Wikipedia, 2010). It holds that most important aspects of lives are governed by certain unbreakable. This ethical theory is based on the idea that we all have a duty to perform certain things and not to perform certain things. Rules should not be broken even if breaking them may improve an outcome. For example, if some one says lying is always wrong in principle; than it is morally wrong to lie to people even though it could have produced better consequences. It does not look at how much good will cause by an action, rather they look at the action itself and then decide whether it is prohibited or complete mandatory by one of their rules. Deontologists have very strong approach on the words, right and good. Right has to do with actions. Good has to do throu gh outcomes. Good can be many things such as pleasure, happiness, harmony, wealth and so on. Deontological moral theory also seems to be concern about respect for rational humanity as an important aspect of moral importance. It sees all people as having fundamental moral value in virtue of being rational being. We must examine the principles of action to notice whether it shows respect for rational humanity or not. To check whether our actions meet the definite imperative to respect rational humanity, Kant moral theory inquire two question which is can we rationally will that this principle should become a universal law for everybody and are we treating persons as end in themselves, or solely as a means to an end . Drawing on the following claim that So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Utilitarianism involves an equal and impartial consideration of interest. Equal and impartial means that someone can not only consider the greatest good for the company, the overall greatest good should be considered which will benefit everyone affected by the action. In general, Utilitarianism is not bounded by any rules or regulations to determine the moral obligations. Its moral worth of action is solely determined by its involvement of overall utility. Overall utility arises when the good consequences are maximized and proficiently achieving happiness or pleasure versus lack of suffering or pain. Utilitarianism will deal with this claim by overlooking the legal aspect and will spotlight on the consequences, which is in this case are the consumers and shareholders. Utilitarianism will rephrase the claim that business actions are acceptable if it maximizes the benefits of consumers and shareholders. However, rule utilitarianism will argue that the action is morally acceptable for t he reason that the business is following its legal obligations and at the same time, the consequences is benefiting the consumers and shareholders. Rule utilitarianism takes account of the legal business actions and concerns with the fairness of consumers and shareholders in this situation. Kantian moral theory will see the claim differently than what utilitarianism has stated above. Kantian theory states that actions are morally right in virtue of their motives, which must derive more from duty than from inclination (Beauchamp Bowie, 2004). It is a theory that is restrained by rules and regulations and it saw people as having essential moral value since they are rational being. It sees all people as morally important as an end and never treats them as a means to an end. In the claim that business actions are legal and acceptable by consumers and shareholders, Kantian moral theory will agree that the action is ethically good. This is for the reason that the consumers and shareholders are treated appropriately while also taking account of the legal business actions. Kantian moral theory idea is that actions to be morally acceptable, it is required to be able to be made a universal law without opposing its own principle. Unlike utilitarianism, kantian moral theory disreg ard the consequences of the actions when coming to a decision of right or wrong as it determines the moral goodness on principles behind the action. Kantian moral theory and other theories criticize utilitarianism theory that it suffers from numerous problems. Particularly, one criticism which I would like to consider consideration discussing is that utilitarianism theory is the treatment of minorities against majorities. Majority of opponents argue that utilitarian position can be unfair to the minorities. This is because utilitarianism embraces that actions that cause suffering to minority in order to benefit majority are morally good. This legal system in utilitarianism punishes the behavior of the minority even though the minority party might not be guilty. For example, a wealthy man named Kris residing in a small town who owns a company. This company is the major source of employment for the town people. One night, Kriss son caught up with a fight with other 3 boys of the same town. The police found that Kriss son was drunk and police found him at fault. Kris came to the police station and told the police that his son is inn ocent and if the police will lay any charges on his son, he will fire the 3 employees whose son were involved in this fight. Utilitarianism will argue that if this action will be taken, there will be more suffer and pain for the three families as the main source of income for survival will vanish. Taking the principle of greatest good for greatest number of people, utilitarianism theory will let go Kriss son. This is just an example where the minorities suffer even though they might not be wrong sometimes. This can also be said that in a similar situation described above, people could sometimes loose their human rights as utilitarianism theory only looks ate the result of the action and which party or action could make greater benefits for majorities. Kantian moral theory also has drawbacks mention by other ethical theories such as utilitarianism. One of the most common criticisms of kantian moral theory is that this theory ignores the consequences. It denies the moral importance of the likely consequences of any action. In some situations, it just focuses on the rules and regulations a person should follow and disturbingly disregards the consequences. For example, a chap went to buy some chocolate for his kid at the nearby shop. While returning home, accompanied by his wife and boy, some young youth attack him for some money. While in the clash, one of the thugs stab his wife. The man thought that they might also kill him and his son so he threw a beer bottle which he obtains near by to one of the thug and that stroked is head really hard. He garbed his son and escaped to near by police station. When the police came to the incident, they also found another person dead in that scene. He explained the whole story to the police and then the police started its investigation. Under kantian theory, the man will be sentenced for life as any person who kills another person is being sentenced for life. Kantian moral theory here just looked at the rules and comes with the relevant action needed to be taken ignore the consequences and leaving the investigation. Principle of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Two ethical theories covered in this discussion were Utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory. Both theories affirmed their benefits and criticism. It is difficult to address that one theory is better than the other as both theories could come right depending of the situation and circumstances.

African Americans role of Television Essay -- essays papers

African Americans role of Television The roles African Americans play on television are not satisfactory. Though the roles have changed during the development of television, the current relationship is not representative of true African American people or their lifestyles. The question is how do the past roles African Americans play in television sitcoms compare to the current roles? How does this affect society’s perception of the African American in American culture? Throughout the history of television the roles and the representation of African Americans has developed with the changing cultural conditions. However, the representation of African American’s has not fully simulated into today’s society. What the average citizen views on his or her television does not accurately portray the African American’s influence on America. The early days of television held great optimism and hope for this new form of media as an avenue for African Americans to assimilate into white American culture. However, a pattern became evident, a pattern of type casting African Americans in roles which did not accurately and wholly portray the individual. A misrepresentation of African Americans became the common image on television. Variety shows initially promoted the new media as an opportunity for equal representation and communication between the races. However, a trend developed with African Americans often being â€Å"portrayed as custodians, maids, servants, clowns, or buffoons† (Crenshaw). The negative image, which was developed by these stereotypes, was perpetuated in the Amos and Andy Show. This television show began as a radio show featuring two white men portraying two comedic black men. When the show was transferred to television, two African American men were cast in the roles, acting as buffoons. The popularity of the show was overwhelming. This was the initial image of African Americans in television, which reached mainstreams Caucasian America and was the foundation for which future stereotypes were created. A new image of African American families was presented in the eighty’s with the Cosby Show. The Huxtable’s were a successful African American family with a life similar to the accepted and established Caucasian mainstream. This show was not accepted fully because it failed to represent the full cultural scope of African Americans. The current... ...After giving the presentation there were many different views coming from the audience which were not expected. The audience did not hold the same views presented to them. The point addressed was about how Will Smith was the buffoon on The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. They did not feel Will Smith was acting buffoonish, they thought he just brought comedy to the show. The audience seemed to focus on black people acting white rather than black people acting ignorant. They brought up the character Carlton, and how he acted white. When asked the question how they knew he was acting white they said he went to an all white school and was influenced by the way they acted. The audience also said Will criticized Carlton for acting white. They excused Will's buffoonish actions by saying white people were also made fun of through Carlton's character. This brings up the question how do we know what is characterized as acting "black" or acting "white", and what makes a show a "black" show or a " white" show. Again these questions revert back to the fact television shows have embedded stereotypes in our society. This makes people believe there must be a typical "black" person and "white" person.

The 360-Degree Performance Evaluation is More Effective than the Standa

Performance Evaluations as an Effective Measuring Tool There are several types of evaluations used by public and non-public organizations. Unusually, performance evaluations consist of the employee and the supervisor. However, the 360 Degree Performance requires more than the supervisor’s perspective. It should also include the co-worker’s point of view (by answering a simple set of questions). This evaluation enforces accountability and produces self-worth and a sense of fairness. Many performance evaluations are limited. However, in using the 360 Degree Performance as a measuring tool, it has been found to be a more accurate way to evaluate an employee’s work performance. The issue is whether or not performance evaluations are an effective measuring tool for evaluating an employee’s knowledge and skills within the organization. Better yet, should employers use performance evaluations at all, or should they design personal organizational goals for each employee? This research paper will examine the effectiveness of performance evaluations, from a narrow point of view (standardize evaluation) to a boarder outlook (360 degree performance evaluation), and by enforcing the accountability from management and the staff, in meeting the overall organizational goal. Article 27 (1) http://www.upte.org/tx/contract/art27perfeval.html defines performance evaluation as â€Å"a constructive process to acknowledge the performance of a non-probationary career employee. An employee’s evaluation shall be sufficiently specific to inform and guide the employee in the performance of her/his duties. Performance evaluation is not in and of itself a disciplinary procedure.† This procedure is usually provided by the Human Resource Depa... ...ss. Drucker, Peter F. (1993). Post-Capitalist Society. New York: HarperCollins Fox J. & Klein, C. (1996). The 360-Degree Evaluation: If You Pay for Performance, Get Co-Workers in On Performance Reviews. Public Management,78 (11),p20. Hayward, Charles, Center for Leadership Development, â€Å"Philosophy and Approach†. Web 13 April 2015 http://www.teamcld.com/Philosophy.htm Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. – Middletown, â€Å"Best Practice: 360 Degree Feedback Performance Appraisal/Merit System, December 17, 1999. Web 13 April 2015 http://www.bmpcoe.org/bestpractices/external/mash/mash_18.html Panoramic Feedback, â€Å"Objectives of Multi-Source Feedback†, 1998-2000. Web 13 April 2015 http://www.panoramicfeedback.com/internal/objective.htm Quinn, S. (1998). Putting the Human Back into Human Resources. Public Management, 80(9),p23.

Housman’s Poem, To an Athlete Dying Young Essay -- A Shropshire Lad

This poem is a part of Housman’s most famous volume of work called A Shropshire Lad. In these works Housman wanted the reader to think about life and the meaning of it all. In one of Housman’s most celebrated poems â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young†, Critics dissect the themes of staying on top eternally, dying when one is a champion, and not letting the fame fade. Critic Scott-Kilvert says that Housman â€Å"voices the familiar passions of humanity with a death dealing sweetness† (Scott-Kilvert 628) This poem may be considered an elegy, or a piece of Romance literature. It has seven quatrains of rhymed iambic tetrameter, and each line containing eight syllables. The even numbered syllables are stressed, and the first, second, third, and fourth lines rhyme on the final syllable (Magil 3,889). The setting of the poem is in a town. The setting switches to a cemetery where the athlete is buried. The narrator of this poem is Housman who takes the persona of a resident of the town in which the athlete lived. The main character in this poem is the athlete who is a running champion but died at his peak of athletic ability. The townspeople are neighbors and admirers of the athlete. They represent the athletes’ glory and fame (Cummings, scr. 1). In order to understand this poem one must look at the themes that are relevant throughout. â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† exemplifies the theme of glory. For example in this poem the athlete is glorified for the winning of the race. Even when death comes upon the athlete he is still praised by the townspeople. In addition the athlete is also commended by the dead for his wiliness to die a champion (Ruby 233). The townspeople will now remember the athlete forever at his peek of his powers instead of watching t... ...ek culture. The second meaning of â€Å"garland† is a gathering of poetic versus, usually poems that praise life. Bruce believes that there is an irony in these two different meanings. He says â€Å"The message is that death is the ultimate victor† (Meyer 237). This seems to be the main theme of the poem but if the garland represents the second meaning then Bruce would say â€Å"What death takes away is not simply a hero but the joys and sorrows of life† (Meyer 237). In this second definition the reward of life may be greater than the fame earned. â€Å"To an Athlete Dying Young† shows the reader different concepts on life. Fame will fade as life continues, so in order to preserve fame one must face death. The views on this poem range from right to left but they all come back to the same major idea. That if one wants to be a champion eternally; one must die a champion for eternity.

Global link for Australia than defence

The main reason why Australia provides aid is to reduce the amount of poverty around the world. We also provide aid to achieve a sustainable development. Defense is also one of Australia's regional and global links. We have ties with the US, UK, NZ and South-East nations such as Japan and South Korea. The major focus of defense in Australia is to provide military forces. For this to work, defenses must get ready for military operations and other tasks conducted by the government. Australia's aid program helps improve the lives of millions of people in countries that are still developing.We work with governments in these developing countries to deliver aid to where people need it most. Aid is very important to people around the world, not Just benefiting them but us too like improving our regional security. Our funding for 2012/13 reached up to 331 million dollars. Australia spends over 51 billion dollars Just on defense. This huge amount of money is used up all in a decade. We assist other nations to develop their military skills and it's a win for both them and us because we assist one another. But our defense links can result In conflicts with many militaries overseas.When we have conflicts with one another, there Is a high amount of financial cost to being Involved. We cannot agree with everything anyone says, there will definitely be disagreements which will result In financial costs. Certainly during military conflict, soldiers will be Injured and killed. Decisively, aid Is more beneficial and efficient than defense In terms of Interaction and the benefiting the country. Although defense has a huge Impact on us, It may cause greater threats. It's Important for us to think about what'd happen If things don't go our way, not Just what's good for the country.

Hamlet and Lion King Comparison Essay

Still captivating people today, the story elements and classic plot of Hamlet, written by the influential William Shakespeare, have made it to the film screen in a version that the whole family can enjoy. The Lion King, one of Disney’s most legendary movies, illustrates aspects and characteristics of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and captures it in a magical, enthusiastic style. More than just the unforgettable music and remarkable animations, The Lion King follows the popular plot, conflict, climax, and resolution that William Shakespeare scribbled on paper over 400 years ago. However, all of Disney’s animation movies end with a happy ending, which means that movie writers of The Lion King had to change the story elements of Hamlet to better suit the movie for young audiences. Disney was overall primarily successful in delivering the dark, complex story plot of Hamlet in The Lion King by still preserving the optimism and purity of Disney movies, with only a few minor fl aws. The far-reaching influence Shakespeare’s Hamlet had on the movie The Lion King is evident through character comparisons, family conflict, and moral struggle within the characters. Simba, who undergoes his fair share of hardships and worries, can be directly related to Hamlet. Both characters suffer the loss of their father and they both seek to be alone, running away from their responsibilities in the royal family. To escape the guilt of the death of his father, Simba runs away from all responsibility to forget about his past. Hamlet also runs away from his responsibility, with the thoughts of revenge and suicide overtaking his mind. Both main characters have to reevaluate their morals as well; Hamlet decides whether it is moral or not to seek revenge on this uncle and Simba has to make the imperative decision of whether he should take control of the Pride Lands again. Hamlet’s father can be directly correlated to Mufasa, Simba’s father. Both kings ruled over the ir kingdom in peace and prosperity, with the intent of good ambitions. Both kings also suffered a tragic death, due to the immorality and cruelty in their brothers. Scar and Claudius, characterized as Simba and Hamlet’s uncles, both used evil convictions to force their way onto the throne. Sarabi and Gertrude, the queens and mothers in both of the stories, care about their sons very much. They also have little to no power over their kingdom, leaving the uncles in full charge. When Simba returned to Pride Rock to declare his spot on the throne, he was furious when he saw how Scar was treating his mother, just like how Hamlet was furious about how Claudius didn’t treat his mother as good as his father once did. Nala can be related to the character Ophelia from Hamlet, mainly because Nala is Simba’s love interest, as Ophelia is to Hamlet. Disney did a very good job at preserving the main ideas and character significance of the original piece, without taking out anything important. The Lion King placed a children’s perspective on a very gruesome story of responsibility and revenge. Disney was clever in adapting the story plot to a children’s audience. Most of the differences between the two works are because Disney had to change some of the stories conflicts to teach moral lessons and have more positive influences on the younger audience. Hamlet was written for an audience that is older and mature, and less vulnerable to the dreadful deaths and disturbing dialogues that Hamlet delivers. If a child ever saw the sinister plot and conflicts of Hamlet, they would be easily influenced to make bad decisions. The Lion King has a more encouraging, child-friendly essence to it, with positive songs and cheerful secondary characters that help lead to a happy ending. The Hamlet, however, has a very gloomy and depressing tone to it, with no foreshadowing of hope in the future. The ending of Hamlet ends in the terrible bloodshed of all the main characters, incl uding Hamlet. If this ending were to happen in The Lion King, it would not be suitable for children and it may even put some children into shock. It was a great idea that Disney decided to change the aspects of the story line that may influence child behavior, such as changing the horrible ending to a happy one, making Simba not contemplate suicide like Hamlet, and presenting the famous â€Å"Hakuna Matata† song, meaning â€Å"no worries.† When Simba ran away, he found a worry-free and happy life. This was changed from the original Hamlet plot to help children realize that  problems can get better if they stop overthinking and worrying about them. The Hamlet version of this, if shown to little kids, would make them overthink their problems in life to the point of envisioning suicide or seeking vile revenge, just like Hamlet did. Disney did a perfect job at adjusting the story of Hamlet to the appropriate audience for The Lion King. There were few minor flaws that Disney made in the remaking of Hamlet in The Lion King. In The Lion King, movie producers left out characters like Laertes and Polonius from Hamlet, and they weren’t very clear with the characterizations and placing of Horatio, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern from Hamlet in The Lion King. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern could’ve been correlated to Simba’s friends Timon and Pumbaa, except for the fact that Simba’s friends didn’t betray him and spy on him for his uncle. Timon and Pumbaa could also be related to Horatio, but they weren’t Simba’s early childhood friends. The Lion King could’ve improved the movie by having Simba have a childhood friend to provide relief to the audience from the main focus of the story, and also by having Simba have two friends that spy on him for Scar to spice up the plot and conflict a bit more. Having characters similar to Laertes and Polonius in The Lion King would also spice up the plot and conflict more as well, because those additional characters would make it harder for Simba to reach his goal; in the end it would be worth it and show the audience that no matter how hard something is, they can get through it. The only two obstacles that Simba had to go through were the weak hyenas and his uncle, Scar. Adding more antagonists to the story line would make the plot a little more interesting like Hamlet, considering he went through several obstacles to pursue revenge on his uncle. One other mistake that Disney made on The Lion King was that Simba didn’t mourn over the death of his father for a very long time, like Hamlet did. In the Hamlet, the death of his father affected Hamlet’s mind for the whole stretch of the play. Because of this, readers could tell that Hamlet loved and honored his father very much. Simba, however, forgot about this father and duties as king for many years when he ran away. Disney could’ve showed a better sense of companionship and love for family if they made Simba mourn a little longer over the death of his father. To summarize our Hamlet and Lion King Comparison Essay, Disney’s movie, The Lion King, embodied the Shakespearian work of Hamlet in a way that it brought the story of Hamlet back to life, with modern day morals and important life lessons. Even though Hamlet was very evil with its dark schemes and dialogue, it taught the lesson that seeking revenge on someone will get that person nowhere; they must step up and be the better person. Simba stated clearly in the fight against his uncle that he wasn’t gonna kill his uncle because he wasn’t like him. In the end, fate ended up killing his uncle anyway and it wasn’t Simba’s fault, so the story of The Lion King didn’t end in a tragic way. Disney did a wonderful job at modernizing the enduring and classical themes and plot of Hamlet by making The Lion King a family-friendly movie. Throughout the plot, settings, characters and lessons, Disney proved to be very successful in rewriting the tale of Hamlet in the most optimistic and hopeful way possible, with very few flaws.

How successful was Wilson in achieving his aimes in foreign policy in the years 1912 tot 1920

Although Wilson had primarily been elected to reform national politics and initiate new progressive policies in Washington, he spent the majority of his time as President dealing with foreign policy rather than domestic. Wilson's predecessors, including McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Taft, had viewed the United States as an emerging power that needed to extend its influence throughout the world in order to serve national interests.The aims of Wilson in tackling foreign affairs were to maintain isolationism by peaceful and ethical approaches, which were achieved almost successfully until the American intervention into the World War One in 1917. This imperialist policy was justified by the commonly held belief that it was America's duty as a Christian republic to spread democracy throughout the world. These three Presidents significantly expanded America's influence abroad with the annexation of colonies throughout the world, such as the Philippines and Cuba.Clements firmly believes that Wilson foreign policy is mostly successful until 1917. This was because one of Wilson’s success in keeping isolationism in his early years of presidency was to repudiate his predecessors’ Dollar Diplomacy, which called for American investments in Latin America and the Caribbean. Instead, Wilson promoted democracy as the priority in private investments. As for China, Wilson gave diplomatic recognition to the new regime.Moreover, in April of 1914, Mexican officials in Tampico arrested a few American sailors who blundered into a prohibited area, and Wilson used the incident to justify ordering the U. S. Navy to occupy the port city of Veracruz. Therefore, Bragg believes that Wilson did not fully achieve his isolationist aims because of the adoption of interventionist policy in Mexico. The Mexican Revolution threatened America’s interests due to the instability and violence, thus Wilson decided to send American marines in1914 and military force in 1916 to Mexi co but the American people on the border, as a consequence, were afflicted. However, he avoided taking over Mexico. Rowe believes this was because he was alarmed by the danger of war, Wilson reaffirmed his commitment to Mexican self-determination and agreed to discuss methods of securing the border area with the Mexican government. Early in 1917, when it began to appear that the United States could not avoid being dragged into the European war, Wilson withdrew all U.S. forces from Mexico. The decision coincided with the publication of an intercepted message from Arthur Zimmermann in the German foreign office to the German minister in Mexico, instructing him to propose an alliance with Mexico against the United States if Germany and the United States went to war. With the outbreak of fighting in the â€Å"Great War† in Europe in August 1914, President Wilson appealed to Americans to remain strictly neutral.He believed that the underlying cause of the war, which would leave 14 million Europeans dead by 1917, was the militant nationalism of the major European powers, as well as the ethnic hatreds that existed in much of Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to this, Wilson kept the USA of out the war until 1917 through diplomacy and his moral stance. This attitude was supported by the majority of Americans particularly the Mid-West as the American people did not want war anymore. The emerging of anti-imperialist ideas referred wars were morally unacceptable, and anti-colonial ideas against British colonial rule contributed to the neutrality.Furthermore, in May 1915, a German submarine—called a â€Å"U-boat,† which was a relatively fragile vessels that depended on surprise attacks from below the surface for its success—torpedoed the British liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Wilson urged patience. Wilson was successful in stopping U-boat activities and the sinking of ships. Therefore, Wilson tried to keep the public and the pol itical opion against entering the war as long as possible. However, it was impossible to stay out of the ongoing war for Wilson.Therfore, Murphy believes that Wilson’s foreign policy became more of a failure in 1917. This was because the USA entered the first world war. The America’s interests in Britain and France were threatened as huge businesses bounded many immigrants in the US. The sinking of Lusitania and the interception of Zimmermann telegram proved that the intervention was inevitable. The American intervention completely changed the war and established the world’s leading rule of America. However, murphy may believed that Wilson’s foreign policy became more of a failure in 1917, Wilson did go to war with a mission.The main goal of the war was to end militarism and make the world â€Å"safe for Democracy,† not merely to defend American ships. He promised that the United States would fight to ensure democracy, self-government, the rights a nd liberties of small nations, and an international peace organization that would end war forever. He achieved this goal and he spread his ideologies into the world. The age of empire or the creation of colonies, meanwhile, came to an end. After the Germany surrendered, Murphy believes that Wilson’s failures began.Wilson hoped to revolutionize the conduct of international affairs at the peace table. He first outlined his vision in the â€Å"Fourteen Points† speech delivered to Congress. No more secret treaties, and all territories occupied during the war must be evacuated. Wilson wanted to dismantle the imperial order by opening up colonial holdings to eventual self-rule and all European sections of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires to immediate independence. Other points included freedom of the seas at all times and free trade all over the world.But Murphy believes that Wilson's most important proposal was the prevention of future wars by means of a new interna tional organization, a league of nations, open to membership by all democratic states. This new world body would be in charge of disarmament and the dismantling of colonial possessions. Most importantly, the League would hold power over all disputes among its members. Wilson believed that this League would transform international relations and usher in a new era of world peace. When Wilson sailed for France in December of 1918 to head the American peace delegation.He wanted to persuade the Europeans to a fair peace for Germany in order to prevent wars in the future. However, in the end, Wilson faced with the determined insistence of Allied leaders to punish Germany with heavy reparations, territorial occupation, and total disarmament, Wilson was forced to compromise on most of his points. He took the leading role in ‘Peace Talks’ and he established his League of Nations, but instead of a â€Å"peace without victory,† the â€Å"Big Four† leaders—held secret negotiations and produced the Treaty of Versailles.This treaty imposed harsh terms on Germany, and Wilson was forced to present to the Senate a treaty that bore little resemblance to the ideal peace most Americans expected. The opposition at home equaled the opposition abroad. Most Senate Democrats supported Wilson and the treaty. Embittered over Republican opposition. In one of the most controversial episodes in presidential history, Wilson to consider any compromises to the League. When the Senate Republicans amended the treaty—to ensure that the President could not use U.S. forces on League business without securing congressional assent—Wilson told his supporters to vote against the amended treaty. America never joined the international organization that Wilson had envisioned as the foundation of his new world order. This failure of the League was a devastating conclusion to Wilson's almost superhuman efforts for world peace based upon international cooperat ion and the peaceful solution of international disputes.Woodrow Wilson was successful in keeping isolationism from 1912 to 1917, especially in staying neutrality in the WWI, the creation of League of Nations which ensured the peace, and leading the Peace Talks and Versailles Peace Treaty. By contrast, after 1917, the success he made turned out to be a disadvantage for the US, and ended in disillusionment. The League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles were rejected by the Congress successively, that was partially why Wilson was not re-elected as president in 1920 as well.